Horse
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Horses (Latin: Equus) are odd-toed ungulates and form the only surviving genus of the originally much richer family Equidae, which, as the numerous fossil finds suggest, spread from what is now North America. The genus Equus, which according to palaeontological and genetic findings developed in the Pliocene around 3.4 - 3.9 million years ago[1], i.e. in the later Atlantic period, includes - as horses in the narrower sense - the wild horses, including the domestic horses domesticated in Central Asia from around 3000 BC, as well as the donkeys and zebras.
The horse in the narrower sense is an imaginative picture of human intelligence, whose various stages of development are represented in the Apocalypse of John by the four apocalyptic horsemen and their horses. According to Rudolf Steiner, in the course of the earth's and humanity's evolution, the human being put the horse out of himself and was only able to gradually learn to use his mind, which was bound to the physical brain, because he had now grown out of the centaur, as it were. The oldest representatives of the genus Homo, whose last surviving species is the modern human (Homo sapiens) fossilised in Africa for about 300,000 years[2], appeared about 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago (Homo rudolfensis and Homo habilis).
Literature
- Ernst-Michael Kranich: Wesensbilder der Tiere. Einführung in die goetheanistische Zoologie. 2. Aufl., Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 978-3-772-51554-5
- Wolfgang Schad: Säugetiere und Mensch: Ihre Gestaltbiologie in Raum und Zeit, Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3772511509
- Rudolf Steiner: Das christliche Mysterium, GA 97 (1998), ISBN 3-7274-0970-3 English: rsarchive.org German: pdf pdf(2) html mobi epub archive.org
- Rudolf Steiner: Die Apokalypse des Johannes, GA 104 (1985), ISBN 3-7274-1040-X English: rsarchive.org German: pdf pdf(2) html mobi epub archive.org
- Rudolf Steiner: Die spirituellen Hintergründe der äußeren Welt. Der Sturz der Geister der Finsternis, GA 177 (1999), ISBN 3-7274-1771-4 English: rsarchive.org German: pdf pdf(2) html mobi epub archive.org
- Rudolf Steiner: Die Naturwissenschaft und die weltgeschichtliche Entwickelung der Menschheit seit dem Altertum, GA 325 (1989), ISBN 3-7274-3250-0 English: rsarchive.org German: pdf pdf(2) html mobi epub archive.org
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References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com. Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English. Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA) Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF. |
References
- ↑ Ann Forstén: Mitochondrial-DNA time-table and the evolution of Equus: comparison of molecular and paleontological evidence. In: Annales Zoologici Fennici 28, 1992, p. 301–309.
- ↑ Daniel Richter, Rainer Grün, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, Teresa E. Steele, Fethi Amani, Mathieu Rué, Paul Fernandes, Jean-Paul Raynal, Denis Geraads, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Shannon P. McPherron: The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. In: Nature. 546, Nr. 7657, Template:Datum, ISSN 0028-0836, S. 293–296. doi:10.1038/nature22335.Script error: No such module "TemplatePar".
