Fourth Council of Constantinople

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The Fourth Council of Constantinople of 869 - 870, the eighth ecumenical council for the Catholic Church, is recognised only by the Catholic Church but rejected by the Orthodox Church.

Topic

The core topic of this council was the dispute between the Byzantine patriarch Photius I and Pope Nicholas I. The council, in which only very few bishops took part, excommunicated and banished Photius.

The two-soul doctrine advocated by Photius, according to which man has a higher, immortal spirit-soul and an earthly, transient soul, was banned. The doctrine of trichotomy, according to which man consists of spirit, soul and body, has since been regarded as heresy in the Roman Catholic Church:

„While the Old and New Testaments teach that man has only one rational and intellectual soul (unam animam rationabilem et intellectualem), and all the divinely learned Fathers and Teachers of the Church affirm this very opinion, some, taking up the inventions of the wicked, have stooped to such sacrilege as to brazenly proclaim the doctrine that he has two souls (duas eum habere animas); further, in certain unreasonable endeavours, they attempt to affirm their own heresy with learning which has proved foolish.
Therefore, this holy and universal Synod hastens to uproot this worthless opinion, which wants to sprout like the worst weeds, and, carrying in its hand the shovel of truth, and wanting to consign all the chaff to an unquenchable fire and to purify the threshing-floor of Christ, it curses with a loud voice the authors and representatives of this impiety and all those who allow similar things to be valid in these matters. She decrees and announces that henceforth no one may in any way possess and keep the principles of the authors of this ungodliness.
But if any man shall presume to act contrary to this holy and great synod, let him be accursed and excluded from the faith and worship of Christians.“

– Concilium Constantinopolitanum IV: - Documenta[1]

Literature
References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com.
Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books
A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works
Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English.
Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold
steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA)
Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF.

Weblinks

References

  1. ↑ "Veteri et novo testamento unam animam rationabilem et intellectualem habere hominem docente, et omnibus deiloquis patribus et magistris ecclesiae eamdem opinionem asseverantibus, in tantum impietatis quidem, malorum inventionibus dantes operam, devenerunt, ut duas eum habere animas impudenter dogmatizare, et quibusdam irrationalibus conatibus per sapientiam, quae stulta facta est, propriam haeresim confirmare pertentent.
    Itaque sancta haec et universalis synodus, veluti quoddam pessimum zizanium, nunc germinantem nequam opinionem, evellere festinans; imo vero ventilabrum in manu veritatis portans, et igni inextinguibili transmittere omnem paleam, et aream Christi mundam exhibere volens, talis impietatis inventores et patratores, et his similia sentientes, magna voce anathematizat, et definit, atque promulgat, neminem prorsus habere, vel servare quoquo modo statuta huius impietatis auctorum.
    Si autem quis contraria gerere praesumpserit huic sanctae et magnae synodo, anathema sit, et a fide atque cultura christianorum alienus." Concilium Constantinopolitanum IV - Documenta
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