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'''Horses''' ({{Latin|Equus}}) are [[w:odd-toed ungulates|odd-toed ungulates]] and form the only surviving genus of the originally much richer family [[w:Equidae|Equidae]], which, as the numerous fossil finds suggest, spread from what is now [[w:North America|North America]]. The genus Equus, which according to palaeontological and genetic findings developed in the [[w:Pliocene|Pliocene]] around 3.4 - 3.9 million years ago<ref>Ann Forstén: ''Mitochondrial-DNA time-table and the evolution of Equus: comparison of molecular and paleontological evidence''. In: ''Annales Zoologici Fennici'' 28, 1992, p. 301–309.</ref>, i.e. in the later [[Atlantic period]], includes - as horses in the narrower sense - the [[w:wild horse|wild horse]]s, including the [[w:Horse|domestic horses]] domesticated in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]] from around 3000 BC, as well as the [[donkey]]s and [[w:zebra|zebra]]s.
'''Horses''' ({{Latin|Equus}}) are [[w:odd-toed ungulates|odd-toed ungulates]] and form the only surviving genus of the originally much richer family [[w:Equidae|Equidae]], which, as the numerous fossil finds suggest, spread from what is now [[w:North America|North America]]. The genus Equus, which according to palaeontological and genetic findings developed in the [[w:Pliocene|Pliocene]] around 3.4 - 3.9 million years ago<ref>Ann Forstén: ''Mitochondrial-DNA time-table and the evolution of Equus: comparison of molecular and paleontological evidence''. In: ''Annales Zoologici Fennici'' 28, 1992, p. 301–309.</ref>, i.e. in the later [[Atlantic period]], includes - as horses in the narrower sense - the [[w:wild horse|wild horse]]s, including the [[w:Horse|domestic horses]] domesticated in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]] from around 3000 BC, as well as the [[donkey]]s and [[w:zebra|zebra]]s.


The horse in the narrower sense is an imaginative picture of human [[intelligence]], whose various stages of development are represented in the [[Apocalypse of John]] by the four [[apocalyptic horsemen]] and their horses. According to [[Rudolf Steiner]], in the course of the earth's and humanity's evolution, the human being put the horse out of himself and was only able to gradually learn to use his [[mind]], which was bound to the physical [[brain]], because he had now grown out of the [[centaur]], as it were. The oldest representatives of the genus Homo, whose last surviving species is the modern [[human]] ([[Homo sapiens]]) fossilised in Africa for about 300,000 years<ref>Daniel Richter, Rainer Grün, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, Teresa E. Steele, Fethi Amani, Mathieu Rué, Paul Fernandes, Jean-Paul Raynal, Denis Geraads, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Shannon P. McPherron: ''The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age''. In: ''Nature''. 546, Nr. 7657, 2017, [[w:ISSN|ISSN]] 0028-0836, p. 293–296. {{DOI|10.1038/nature22335}}</ref>, appeared about 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago ([[w:Homo rudolfensis|Homo rudolfensis]] and [[w:Homo habilis|Homo habilis]]).  
The horse in the narrower sense is an imaginative picture of human [[intelligence]], whose various stages of development are represented in the [[Apocalypse of John]] by the four [[apocalyptic horsemen]] and their horses. According to [[Rudolf Steiner]], in the course of the earth's and humanity's evolution, the human being put the horse out of himself and was only able to gradually learn to use his [[mind]], which was bound to the physical [[brain]], because he had now grown out of the [[centaur]], as it were. The oldest representatives of the genus Homo, whose last surviving species is the modern [[human]] ([[Homo sapiens]]) fossilised in Africa for about 300,000 years<ref>Daniel Richter, Rainer Grün, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, Teresa E. Steele, Fethi Amani, Mathieu Rué, Paul Fernandes, Jean-Paul Raynal, Denis Geraads, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Shannon P. McPherron: ''The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age''. In: ''Nature''. 546, Nr. 7657, 2017, [[w:ISSN|ISSN]] 0028-0836, p. 293–296. {{DOI|10.1038/nature22335}}</ref>, appeared about 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago ([[w:Homo rudolfensis|Homo rudolfensis]] and [[w:Homo habilis|Homo habilis]]).
 
The [[donkey]] is a symbol of the [[physical body]] that also appears frequently in [[fairy tale]]s (cf. for example [[w:Town Musicians of Bremen|The Town Musicians of Bremen]]). [[Philosopher]]s, who make use of the intellect, are often depicted with imaginative donkey ears, which at the same time are also a symbol - by no means a derogatory one - for the [[inspiration]] from which they draw in their [[thinking]]. When the first four apocalyptic seals are opened at the end of the seven post-Atlantean cultural epochs, after the [[war of all against all]], the lower nature of man, represented by the horse, must finally be overcome and human intelligence spritualised. It will then no longer be bound to the physical tool of the brain.


== Literature ==
== Literature ==

Revision as of 14:38, 12 April 2022

Two young Nokota horses (North Dakota)
Horses
Donkey
Grévy's zebra

Horses (Latin: Equus) are odd-toed ungulates and form the only surviving genus of the originally much richer family Equidae, which, as the numerous fossil finds suggest, spread from what is now North America. The genus Equus, which according to palaeontological and genetic findings developed in the Pliocene around 3.4 - 3.9 million years ago[1], i.e. in the later Atlantic period, includes - as horses in the narrower sense - the wild horses, including the domestic horses domesticated in Central Asia from around 3000 BC, as well as the donkeys and zebras.

The horse in the narrower sense is an imaginative picture of human intelligence, whose various stages of development are represented in the Apocalypse of John by the four apocalyptic horsemen and their horses. According to Rudolf Steiner, in the course of the earth's and humanity's evolution, the human being put the horse out of himself and was only able to gradually learn to use his mind, which was bound to the physical brain, because he had now grown out of the centaur, as it were. The oldest representatives of the genus Homo, whose last surviving species is the modern human (Homo sapiens) fossilised in Africa for about 300,000 years[2], appeared about 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago (Homo rudolfensis and Homo habilis).

The donkey is a symbol of the physical body that also appears frequently in fairy tales (cf. for example The Town Musicians of Bremen). Philosophers, who make use of the intellect, are often depicted with imaginative donkey ears, which at the same time are also a symbol - by no means a derogatory one - for the inspiration from which they draw in their thinking. When the first four apocalyptic seals are opened at the end of the seven post-Atlantean cultural epochs, after the war of all against all, the lower nature of man, represented by the horse, must finally be overcome and human intelligence spritualised. It will then no longer be bound to the physical tool of the brain.

Literature
References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com.
Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books
A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works
Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English.
Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold
steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA)
Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF.

References

  1. ↑ Ann Forstén: Mitochondrial-DNA time-table and the evolution of Equus: comparison of molecular and paleontological evidence. In: Annales Zoologici Fennici 28, 1992, p. 301–309.
  2. ↑ Daniel Richter, Rainer Grün, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, Teresa E. Steele, Fethi Amani, Mathieu Rué, Paul Fernandes, Jean-Paul Raynal, Denis Geraads, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Shannon P. McPherron: The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. In: Nature. 546, Nr. 7657, 2017, ISSN 0028-0836, p. 293–296. doi:10.1038/nature22335
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