Hydrogen: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Hydrogen Spectra.jpg|thumb|500px|Emission spectrum of hydrogen in the visible range]] | |||
'''Hydrogen''' with the chemical symbol '''H''' (from {{Latin|hydrogenium}} "water producer"; derived from {{Greek|ὕδωρ}} ''hydōr'' "water" and {{lang|grc|γίγνομαι}} ''gignomai'' "to become, to arise" or {{Latin|generare}} "to produce, to create") is the lightest and at the same time most common [[chemical element]] in the [[cosmos]] and accounts for an estimated 75% of the total mass of [[baryonic matter]] in the universe. In contrast, hydrogen accounts for only about 0.12% of the total mass of the [[Earth]]; in the Earth's crust, hydrogen makes up about 2.9%. Hydrogen is thus the quintessential cosmic chemical element. At -252 °C, hydrogen condenses into a colourless clear liquid, which solidifies into a crystalline solid at -259.2 °C. At high pressure of more than 1011 Pascal, [[w:metallic hydrogen|metallic hydrogen]] is formed; this high-pressure modification has so far only been detected at very high temperatures of several thousand °K. It is assumed that metallic hydrogen occurs around the core of giant gas planets such as [[Jupiter]]. | '''Hydrogen''' with the chemical symbol '''H''' (from {{Latin|hydrogenium}} "water producer"; derived from {{Greek|ὕδωρ}} ''hydōr'' "water" and {{lang|grc|γίγνομαι}} ''gignomai'' "to become, to arise" or {{Latin|generare}} "to produce, to create") is the lightest and at the same time most common [[chemical element]] in the [[cosmos]] and accounts for an estimated 75% of the total mass of [[baryonic matter]] in the universe. In contrast, hydrogen accounts for only about 0.12% of the total mass of the [[Earth]]; in the Earth's crust, hydrogen makes up about 2.9%. Hydrogen is thus the quintessential cosmic chemical element. At -252 °C, hydrogen condenses into a colourless clear liquid, which solidifies into a crystalline solid at -259.2 °C. At high pressure of more than 1011 Pascal, [[w:metallic hydrogen|metallic hydrogen]] is formed; this high-pressure modification has so far only been detected at very high temperatures of several thousand °K. It is assumed that metallic hydrogen occurs around the core of giant gas planets such as [[Jupiter]]. | ||
The most common stable hydrogen [[w:isotope|isotope]] in nature, <sup>1</sup>H, with a proportion of 99.9885(70) %, consists of only one proton in the nucleus and one electron in the shell and is also called '''protium'''. In addition, there are two other isotopes that can only be found in nature in traces: '''Deuterium''' <sup>2</sup>H (also abbreviated as D), which is also stable, with a modest proportion of 0.0115(70) %, and '''Tritium''' <sup>3</sup>H with 10-15 % (β-emitter, half-life 12.33 years). The nucleus of deuterium, also called '''deuteron''', consists of a [[w:proton|proton]] and a [[w:neutron|neutron]]. Tritium contains another neutron in its nucleus (also called triton), is a radioactive beta emitter and decays with a half-life of about 12.32 years. | |||
Unlike in the vastness of the cosmos, hydrogen on Earth occurs almost exclusively in the form of a wide variety of chemical compounds. No other chemical element is known to have as many compounds as hydrogen; by far the most common and best known is water (H<sub>2</sub>O). Heavy water (D<sub>2</sub>O) contains deuterium instead. Above all, however, hydrogen, together with carbon, is an essential component of most organic compounds and is found in all living organisms. | |||
== Literature == | == Literature == | ||
Revision as of 21:11, 11 April 2022
Hydrogen with the chemical symbol H (from Latin: hydrogenium "water producer"; derived from Greek: ὕδωρ hydōr "water" and γίγνομαι gignomai "to become, to arise" or Latin: generare "to produce, to create") is the lightest and at the same time most common chemical element in the cosmos and accounts for an estimated 75% of the total mass of baryonic matter in the universe. In contrast, hydrogen accounts for only about 0.12% of the total mass of the Earth; in the Earth's crust, hydrogen makes up about 2.9%. Hydrogen is thus the quintessential cosmic chemical element. At -252 °C, hydrogen condenses into a colourless clear liquid, which solidifies into a crystalline solid at -259.2 °C. At high pressure of more than 1011 Pascal, metallic hydrogen is formed; this high-pressure modification has so far only been detected at very high temperatures of several thousand °K. It is assumed that metallic hydrogen occurs around the core of giant gas planets such as Jupiter.
The most common stable hydrogen isotope in nature, 1H, with a proportion of 99.9885(70) %, consists of only one proton in the nucleus and one electron in the shell and is also called protium. In addition, there are two other isotopes that can only be found in nature in traces: Deuterium 2H (also abbreviated as D), which is also stable, with a modest proportion of 0.0115(70) %, and Tritium 3H with 10-15 % (β-emitter, half-life 12.33 years). The nucleus of deuterium, also called deuteron, consists of a proton and a neutron. Tritium contains another neutron in its nucleus (also called triton), is a radioactive beta emitter and decays with a half-life of about 12.32 years.
Unlike in the vastness of the cosmos, hydrogen on Earth occurs almost exclusively in the form of a wide variety of chemical compounds. No other chemical element is known to have as many compounds as hydrogen; by far the most common and best known is water (H2O). Heavy water (D2O) contains deuterium instead. Above all, however, hydrogen, together with carbon, is an essential component of most organic compounds and is found in all living organisms.
Literature
- Rudolf Steiner: Geisteswissenschaft und Medizin, GA 312 (1999), ISBN 3-7274-3120-2 English: rsarchive.org German: pdf pdf(2) html mobi epub archive.org
- Rudolf Steiner: Geisteswissenschaftliche Grundlagen zum Gedeihen der Landwirtschaft. Landwirtschaftlicher Kursus., GA 327 (1999) English: rsarchive.org German: pdf pdf(2) html mobi epub archive.org
- Rudolf Steiner: Mensch und Welt. Das Wirken des Geistes in der Natur. Über das Wesen der Bienen, GA 351 (1999) English: rsarchive.org German: pdf pdf(2) html mobi epub archive.org
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References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com. Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English. Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA) Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF. |
