Thomas Aquinas - Revision history

Odyssee: /* Life */

2022-06-21T12:55:58Z

Life

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:55, 21 June 2022
Line 31:		Line 31:

	[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]		[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]
	Thomas died at the monastery of Fossanova on 7 March 1274 while travelling to the [[w:Second Council of Lyon\|Second Council of Lyon]]. [[Dante]] (Purg. XX. 69) suggests that [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], King of [[w:Sicily\|Sicily]] since 1266, was responsible for his death<ref>Dante, however, was not exactly well-disposed towards [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], who had come to [[w:Florence\|Florence]] ostensibly as a peacemaker, but had in fact sparked the civil war that led to Dante's lifelong banishment.<~~7ref~~>. Giovanni Villani (IX 218) shares a rumour ("si dice": "they say") according to which Thomas was murdered by one of the king's physicians with poisoned confectionery. According to this account, the doctor was not acting on behalf of the king, but with the intention of doing him a favour because he feared that a member of the family of the Counts of Aquino, who had rebelled against Charles, would be elevated to the rank of cardinal. In different versions, most of which attribute responsibility to Charles, the rumour of the poison murder was also circulated in the early Latin and vernacular commentaries on Dante that were written in the period after Dante's death. Tolomeo da Lucca, a former student and confessor of Aquinas, in his Historia ecclesiastica (L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. XI, pp. 1168-69) speaks only of a serious illness on the journey on arrival in Campania, but offers no hint of an unnatural cause of death.		Thomas died at the monastery of Fossanova on 7 March 1274 while travelling to the [[w:Second Council of Lyon\|Second Council of Lyon]]. [[Dante]] (Purg. XX. 69) suggests that [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], King of [[w:Sicily\|Sicily]] since 1266, was responsible for his death<ref>Dante, however, was not exactly well-disposed towards [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], who had come to [[w:Florence\|Florence]] ostensibly as a peacemaker, but had in fact sparked the civil war that led to Dante's lifelong banishment.</ref>. Giovanni Villani (IX 218) shares a rumour ("si dice": "they say") according to which Thomas was murdered by one of the king's physicians with poisoned confectionery. According to this account, the doctor was not acting on behalf of the king, but with the intention of doing him a favour because he feared that a member of the family of the Counts of Aquino, who had rebelled against Charles, would be elevated to the rank of cardinal. In different versions, most of which attribute responsibility to Charles, the rumour of the poison murder was also circulated in the early Latin and vernacular commentaries on Dante that were written in the period after Dante's death. Tolomeo da Lucca, a former student and confessor of Aquinas, in his Historia ecclesiastica (L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. XI, pp. 1168-69) speaks only of a serious illness on the journey on arrival in Campania, but offers no hint of an unnatural cause of death.

	[[w:Pope John XXII\|Pope John XXII]] canonised Thomas in 1323. In 1567 he was elevated to the rank of [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctor of the Church]]. His bones were transferred to [[w:Toulouse\|Toulouse]] on 28 January 1369, where they have rested again since 1974 in the church of the Dominican monastery of Les Jacobins. (From 1792 to 1974 they were buried in the [[w:Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse\|Basilica of Saint-Sernin]]).		[[w:Pope John XXII\|Pope John XXII]] canonised Thomas in 1323. In 1567 he was elevated to the rank of [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctor of the Church]]. His bones were transferred to [[w:Toulouse\|Toulouse]] on 28 January 1369, where they have rested again since 1974 in the church of the Dominican monastery of Les Jacobins. (From 1792 to 1974 they were buried in the [[w:Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse\|Basilica of Saint-Sernin]]).

Odyssee: /* Life */

2022-06-21T12:03:28Z

Life

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:03, 21 June 2022
Line 20:		Line 20:
	At the age of five, Thomas was sent to the [[w:Benedictines\|Benedictine]] monastery of [[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]], where his father's brother Sinibald served as abbot. Thomas' family thus followed the tradition of giving the youngest son in the family a clerical post. It was in the family's interest that Thomas succeed his uncle. In 1244, however, against the wishes of his relatives, he joined the [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], who had only recently been founded as a [[w:mendicant order\|mendicant order]]. The order sent him first to [[w:Rome\|Rome]] and later, to remove him from the political influence of his parents, to [[w:Paris\|Paris]]. On the way there, however, he was attacked by his brothers acting on behalf of his mother and taken to the castle of [[w:Monte San Giovanni Campano\|Monte San Giovanni Campano]], where he was held prisoner in the castle tower for two years. The family tried to change his mind by all means, but not even a girl they brought him was able to do so: the prisoner took a red-hot log and waved it in front of her until she screamed and fled. As Thomas remained steadfast in his resolve to remain a member of the Dominicans, the family finally gave in. To save face, a assault was faked and Thomas was able to return to his order.		At the age of five, Thomas was sent to the [[w:Benedictines\|Benedictine]] monastery of [[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]], where his father's brother Sinibald served as abbot. Thomas' family thus followed the tradition of giving the youngest son in the family a clerical post. It was in the family's interest that Thomas succeed his uncle. In 1244, however, against the wishes of his relatives, he joined the [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], who had only recently been founded as a [[w:mendicant order\|mendicant order]]. The order sent him first to [[w:Rome\|Rome]] and later, to remove him from the political influence of his parents, to [[w:Paris\|Paris]]. On the way there, however, he was attacked by his brothers acting on behalf of his mother and taken to the castle of [[w:Monte San Giovanni Campano\|Monte San Giovanni Campano]], where he was held prisoner in the castle tower for two years. The family tried to change his mind by all means, but not even a girl they brought him was able to do so: the prisoner took a red-hot log and waved it in front of her until she screamed and fled. As Thomas remained steadfast in his resolve to remain a member of the Dominicans, the family finally gave in. To save face, a assault was faked and Thomas was able to return to his order.

	At the [[w:University of Paris\|University of Paris]], he studied with [[~~w:Albertus Magnus\|~~Albertus Magnus]] from 1245 to 1248, whom he then followed to [[w:Cologne\|Cologne]]. From 1248 to 1252 he was a student and assistant to Albertus there. From 1252 he was back in Paris, where from 1252 to 1256 he gave his first own lectures on the [[w:Sentences\|Sentences]] of [[w:Petrus Lombardus\|Petrus Lombardus]] as a [[w:baccalareus\|baccalareus]]. From 1256 to 1259 he taught in Paris as a [[w:Master of Theology\|Master of Theology]]. In 1259 he returned to Italy and taught first in Naples (although this is not certain) and then from 1261 to 1265 as a conventual lecturer of the Dominican convent in [[w:Orvieto\|Orvieto]].		At the [[w:University of Paris\|University of Paris]], he studied with [[Albertus Magnus]] from 1245 to 1248, whom he then followed to [[w:Cologne\|Cologne]]. From 1248 to 1252 he was a student and assistant to Albertus there. From 1252 he was back in Paris, where from 1252 to 1256 he gave his first own lectures on the [[w:Sentences\|Sentences]] of [[w:Petrus Lombardus\|Petrus Lombardus]] as a [[w:baccalareus\|baccalareus]]. From 1256 to 1259 he taught in Paris as a [[w:Master of Theology\|Master of Theology]]. In 1259 he returned to Italy and taught first in Naples (although this is not certain) and then from 1261 to 1265 as a conventual lecturer of the Dominican convent in [[w:Orvieto\|Orvieto]].

	From about 1260, [[~~w:Reginald of Piperno\|~~Reginald of Piperno]] was his lifelong principal secretary and companion (socius continuus). Judging by the almost unbelievable quantity of his writings, it is obvious to believe the testimony of his principal secretary: according to this, Aquinas always dictated to three or four secretaries at the same time.		From about 1260, [[Reginald of Piperno]] was his lifelong principal secretary and companion (socius continuus). Judging by the almost unbelievable quantity of his writings, it is obvious to believe the testimony of his principal secretary: according to this, Aquinas always dictated to three or four secretaries at the same time.

	From 1265 to 1268, Thomas was a magister in Rome, where he began writing the Summa Theologiae. In November 1268 he finished at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the studium generale at the Convent of [[w:Santa Maria sopra Minerva\|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which became the College of St Thomas ({{Latin}} ''Collegium Divi Thomæ'') in the 16th century and then the [[w:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas\|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in the 20th century.		From 1265 to 1268, Thomas was a magister in Rome, where he began writing the Summa Theologiae. In November 1268 he finished at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the studium generale at the Convent of [[w:Santa Maria sopra Minerva\|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which became the College of St Thomas ({{Latin}} ''Collegium Divi Thomæ'') in the 16th century and then the [[w:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas\|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in the 20th century.
Line 31:		Line 31:

	[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]		[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]
			Thomas died at the monastery of Fossanova on 7 March 1274 while travelling to the [[w:Second Council of Lyon\|Second Council of Lyon]]. [[Dante]] (Purg. XX. 69) suggests that [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], King of [[w:Sicily\|Sicily]] since 1266, was responsible for his death<ref>Dante, however, was not exactly well-disposed towards [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], who had come to [[w:Florence\|Florence]] ostensibly as a peacemaker, but had in fact sparked the civil war that led to Dante's lifelong banishment.<7ref>. Giovanni Villani (IX 218) shares a rumour ("si dice": "they say") according to which Thomas was murdered by one of the king's physicians with poisoned confectionery. According to this account, the doctor was not acting on behalf of the king, but with the intention of doing him a favour because he feared that a member of the family of the Counts of Aquino, who had rebelled against Charles, would be elevated to the rank of cardinal. In different versions, most of which attribute responsibility to Charles, the rumour of the poison murder was also circulated in the early Latin and vernacular commentaries on Dante that were written in the period after Dante's death. Tolomeo da Lucca, a former student and confessor of Aquinas, in his Historia ecclesiastica (L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. XI, pp. 1168-69) speaks only of a serious illness on the journey on arrival in Campania, but offers no hint of an unnatural cause of death.

			[[w:Pope John XXII\|Pope John XXII]] canonised Thomas in 1323. In 1567 he was elevated to the rank of [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctor of the Church]]. His bones were transferred to [[w:Toulouse\|Toulouse]] on 28 January 1369, where they have rested again since 1974 in the church of the Dominican monastery of Les Jacobins. (From 1792 to 1974 they were buried in the [[w:Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse\|Basilica of Saint-Sernin]]).

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

Odyssee: /* Life */

2022-06-21T11:50:14Z

Life

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:50, 21 June 2022
Line 24:		Line 24:
	From about 1260, [[w:Reginald of Piperno\|Reginald of Piperno]] was his lifelong principal secretary and companion (socius continuus). Judging by the almost unbelievable quantity of his writings, it is obvious to believe the testimony of his principal secretary: according to this, Aquinas always dictated to three or four secretaries at the same time.		From about 1260, [[w:Reginald of Piperno\|Reginald of Piperno]] was his lifelong principal secretary and companion (socius continuus). Judging by the almost unbelievable quantity of his writings, it is obvious to believe the testimony of his principal secretary: according to this, Aquinas always dictated to three or four secretaries at the same time.

	From 1265 to 1268, Thomas was a magister in Rome, where he began writing the Summa Theologiae. In November 1268 he finished at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the studium generale at the Convent of [[w:Santa Maria sopra Minerva\|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which became the College of St Thomas ({{Latin\|Collegium Divi Thomæ}}) in the 16th century and then the [[w:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas\|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in the 20th century.		From 1265 to 1268, Thomas was a magister in Rome, where he began writing the Summa Theologiae. In November 1268 he finished at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the studium generale at the Convent of [[w:Santa Maria sopra Minerva\|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which became the College of St Thomas ({{Latin}} ''Collegium Divi Thomæ'') in the 16th century and then the [[w:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas\|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in the 20th century.

	In [[w:Viterbo\|Viterbo]], where a total of eight popes resided almost without interruption from 1257 to 1281, the longest conclave in church history to date took place after the death of [[w:Pope Clement IV\|Pope Clement IV]] from 30 November 1268 to 1 September 1271. From here, Thomas left for Paris at the end of 1268 together with his disciple ''Nicholas Brunacci'' (1240-1322) and Reginald of Piperno, where he taught as Magister for the second time until 1272. It was during this period that he produced many of his writings, including most of the [[w:Summa Theologiae\|Summa Theologiae]] and most of his commentaries on [[Aristotle]]. He left Paris in the spring of 1272. From mid-1272 to the end of 1273, he taught as a Magister in Naples and built up a Dominican school there.		In [[w:Viterbo\|Viterbo]], where a total of eight popes resided almost without interruption from 1257 to 1281, the longest conclave in church history to date took place after the death of [[w:Pope Clement IV\|Pope Clement IV]] from 30 November 1268 to 1 September 1271. From here, Thomas left for Paris at the end of 1268 together with his disciple ''Nicholas Brunacci'' (1240-1322) and Reginald of Piperno, where he taught as Magister for the second time until 1272. It was during this period that he produced many of his writings, including most of the [[w:Summa Theologiae\|Summa Theologiae]] and most of his commentaries on [[Aristotle]]. He left Paris in the spring of 1272. From mid-1272 to the end of 1273, he taught as a Magister in Naples and built up a Dominican school there.

	On [[w:Saint Nicholas Day\|Saint Nicholas Day]] 1273, according to Reginald of Piperno, Thomas had a mystical experience during Holy Mass that made everything he had written so far seem like dry straw; he is said to have written no more as a result<ref>"omnia quae scripsi videntur michi palee" (Everything I have written seems like straw compared to what I have seen.). Thus the report of Bartholomew of Capua, referring to Reginald of Piperno, the secretary of Thomas, cf. M..-H. Laurent (ed.): ''Processus canonizationis Neapoli S. Thomae, Fontes vitae sancti Thomae Aquinatis'' 4, in: ''Revue Thomiste'' 38-39 (1933-34), pp. 265-497, 79, p. 377; C. Le Brun-Gouanvic: ''Edition critique de l'Ystoia sancti Thome de Aquino de Guillaume de Tocco'', 2 vols, Montréal 1987, 47, p. 347; James A. Weisheipl: ''Thomas von Aquin, Sein Leben und seine Theologie'', Graz 1980, 293f; Torrell 1995, 302 / Torrell 2005, 274.</ref>.		On [[w:Saint Nicholas Day\|Saint Nicholas Day]] 1273, according to Reginald of Piperno, Thomas had a mystical experience during Holy Mass that made everything he had written so far seem like dry straw; he is said to have written no more as a result<ref>"omnia quae scripsi videntur michi palee" (Everything I have written seems like straw compared to what I have seen.). Thus the report of Bartholomew of Capua, referring to Reginald of Piperno, the secretary of Thomas, cf. M..-H. Laurent (ed.): ''Processus canonizationis Neapoli S. Thomae, Fontes vitae sancti Thomae Aquinatis'' 4, in: ''Revue Thomiste'' 38-39 (1933-34), pp. 265-497, 79, p. 377; C. Le Brun-Gouanvic: ''Edition critique de l'Ystoia sancti Thome de Aquino de Guillaume de Tocco'', 2 vols, Montréal 1987, 47, p. 347; James A. Weisheipl: ''Thomas von Aquin, Sein Leben und seine Theologie'', Graz 1980, 293f; Torrell 1995, 302 / Torrell 2005, 274.</ref>.

			[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

Odyssee at 11:47, 21 June 2022

2022-06-21T11:47:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:47, 21 June 2022
Line 17:		Line 17:
	{{GZ\|Sometimes external events, for example, natural catastrophes or the like, must help in this interweaving. Thus it is told by Thomas Aquino that lightning strikes the room in which he is, killing the little sister in the cradle next to him, but sparing him. For him, this striking of the lightning next to him means that the power that comes from the elements helps to let him take up the copy of the astral body of Jesus of Nazareth.\|109\|156}}		{{GZ\|Sometimes external events, for example, natural catastrophes or the like, must help in this interweaving. Thus it is told by Thomas Aquino that lightning strikes the room in which he is, killing the little sister in the cradle next to him, but sparing him. For him, this striking of the lightning next to him means that the power that comes from the elements helps to let him take up the copy of the astral body of Jesus of Nazareth.\|109\|156}}

			[[File:Monte Cassino Opactwo 1.JPG\|thumb\|250px\|[[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]]]]
	At the age of five, Thomas was sent to the [[w:Benedictines\|Benedictine]] monastery of [[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]], where his father's brother Sinibald served as abbot. Thomas' family thus followed the tradition of giving the youngest son in the family a clerical post. It was in the family's interest that Thomas succeed his uncle. In 1244, however, against the wishes of his relatives, he joined the [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], who had only recently been founded as a [[w:mendicant order\|mendicant order]]. The order sent him first to [[w:Rome\|Rome]] and later, to remove him from the political influence of his parents, to [[w:Paris\|Paris]]. On the way there, however, he was attacked by his brothers acting on behalf of his mother and taken to the castle of [[w:Monte San Giovanni Campano\|Monte San Giovanni Campano]], where he was held prisoner in the castle tower for two years. The family tried to change his mind by all means, but not even a girl they brought him was able to do so: the prisoner took a red-hot log and waved it in front of her until she screamed and fled. As Thomas remained steadfast in his resolve to remain a member of the Dominicans, the family finally gave in. To save face, a assault was faked and Thomas was able to return to his order.		At the age of five, Thomas was sent to the [[w:Benedictines\|Benedictine]] monastery of [[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]], where his father's brother Sinibald served as abbot. Thomas' family thus followed the tradition of giving the youngest son in the family a clerical post. It was in the family's interest that Thomas succeed his uncle. In 1244, however, against the wishes of his relatives, he joined the [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], who had only recently been founded as a [[w:mendicant order\|mendicant order]]. The order sent him first to [[w:Rome\|Rome]] and later, to remove him from the political influence of his parents, to [[w:Paris\|Paris]]. On the way there, however, he was attacked by his brothers acting on behalf of his mother and taken to the castle of [[w:Monte San Giovanni Campano\|Monte San Giovanni Campano]], where he was held prisoner in the castle tower for two years. The family tried to change his mind by all means, but not even a girl they brought him was able to do so: the prisoner took a red-hot log and waved it in front of her until she screamed and fled. As Thomas remained steadfast in his resolve to remain a member of the Dominicans, the family finally gave in. To save face, a assault was faked and Thomas was able to return to his order.

			At the [[w:University of Paris\|University of Paris]], he studied with [[w:Albertus Magnus\|Albertus Magnus]] from 1245 to 1248, whom he then followed to [[w:Cologne\|Cologne]]. From 1248 to 1252 he was a student and assistant to Albertus there. From 1252 he was back in Paris, where from 1252 to 1256 he gave his first own lectures on the [[w:Sentences\|Sentences]] of [[w:Petrus Lombardus\|Petrus Lombardus]] as a [[w:baccalareus\|baccalareus]]. From 1256 to 1259 he taught in Paris as a [[w:Master of Theology\|Master of Theology]]. In 1259 he returned to Italy and taught first in Naples (although this is not certain) and then from 1261 to 1265 as a conventual lecturer of the Dominican convent in [[w:Orvieto\|Orvieto]].

			From about 1260, [[w:Reginald of Piperno\|Reginald of Piperno]] was his lifelong principal secretary and companion (socius continuus). Judging by the almost unbelievable quantity of his writings, it is obvious to believe the testimony of his principal secretary: according to this, Aquinas always dictated to three or four secretaries at the same time.

			From 1265 to 1268, Thomas was a magister in Rome, where he began writing the Summa Theologiae. In November 1268 he finished at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the studium generale at the Convent of [[w:Santa Maria sopra Minerva\|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which became the College of St Thomas ({{Latin\|Collegium Divi Thomæ}}) in the 16th century and then the [[w:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas\|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in the 20th century.

			In [[w:Viterbo\|Viterbo]], where a total of eight popes resided almost without interruption from 1257 to 1281, the longest conclave in church history to date took place after the death of [[w:Pope Clement IV\|Pope Clement IV]] from 30 November 1268 to 1 September 1271. From here, Thomas left for Paris at the end of 1268 together with his disciple ''Nicholas Brunacci'' (1240-1322) and Reginald of Piperno, where he taught as Magister for the second time until 1272. It was during this period that he produced many of his writings, including most of the [[w:Summa Theologiae\|Summa Theologiae]] and most of his commentaries on [[Aristotle]]. He left Paris in the spring of 1272. From mid-1272 to the end of 1273, he taught as a Magister in Naples and built up a Dominican school there.

			On [[w:Saint Nicholas Day\|Saint Nicholas Day]] 1273, according to Reginald of Piperno, Thomas had a mystical experience during Holy Mass that made everything he had written so far seem like dry straw; he is said to have written no more as a result<ref>"omnia quae scripsi videntur michi palee" (Everything I have written seems like straw compared to what I have seen.). Thus the report of Bartholomew of Capua, referring to Reginald of Piperno, the secretary of Thomas, cf. M..-H. Laurent (ed.): ''Processus canonizationis Neapoli S. Thomae, Fontes vitae sancti Thomae Aquinatis'' 4, in: ''Revue Thomiste'' 38-39 (1933-34), pp. 265-497, 79, p. 377; C. Le Brun-Gouanvic: ''Edition critique de l'Ystoia sancti Thome de Aquino de Guillaume de Tocco'', 2 vols, Montréal 1987, 47, p. 347; James A. Weisheipl: ''Thomas von Aquin, Sein Leben und seine Theologie'', Graz 1980, 293f; Torrell 1995, 302 / Torrell 2005, 274.</ref>.

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==
	* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''The Riddles of Philosophy''. Anthroposophic Press 1973, ~~'''~~CW 18~~'''~~ [https://wn.rsarchive.org/GA/GA0018/English/AP1973/GA018_index.html rsarchive.org]		* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''The Riddles of Philosophy''. Anthroposophic Press 1973, [[CW 18]] [https://wn.rsarchive.org/GA/GA0018/English/AP1973/GA018_index.html rsarchive.org]
	* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''The Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas''. [[CW 74]]. Kessinger Publishing 2010. ISBN 978-1163180693 [https://www.rsarchive.org/GA/index.php?ga=GA0074 rsarchive.org]		* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''The Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas''. [[CW 74]]. Kessinger Publishing 2010. ISBN 978-1163180693 [https://www.rsarchive.org/GA/index.php?ga=GA0074 rsarchive.org]
	* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''The Redemption of Thinking: A Study in the Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas''. Translated by A. P. Shepherd. Anthroposophic Press Inc. 2004. ISBN 978-0880100441 [https://www.rsarchive.org/GA/index.php?ga=GA0074 rsarchive.org]		* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''The Redemption of Thinking: A Study in the Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas''. Translated by A. P. Shepherd. Anthroposophic Press Inc. 2004. ISBN 978-0880100441 [https://www.rsarchive.org/GA/index.php?ga=GA0074 rsarchive.org]

Odyssee at 11:13, 21 June 2022

2022-06-21T11:13:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:13, 21 June 2022
Line 17:		Line 17:
	{{GZ\|Sometimes external events, for example, natural catastrophes or the like, must help in this interweaving. Thus it is told by Thomas Aquino that lightning strikes the room in which he is, killing the little sister in the cradle next to him, but sparing him. For him, this striking of the lightning next to him means that the power that comes from the elements helps to let him take up the copy of the astral body of Jesus of Nazareth.\|109\|156}}		{{GZ\|Sometimes external events, for example, natural catastrophes or the like, must help in this interweaving. Thus it is told by Thomas Aquino that lightning strikes the room in which he is, killing the little sister in the cradle next to him, but sparing him. For him, this striking of the lightning next to him means that the power that comes from the elements helps to let him take up the copy of the astral body of Jesus of Nazareth.\|109\|156}}

	At the age of five, Thomas was sent to the [[w:Benedictines\|Benedictine]] monastery of [[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]], where his father's brother Sinibald served as abbot. Thomas' family thus followed the tradition of giving the youngest son in the family a clerical post. It was in the family's interest that Thomas succeed his uncle. In 1244, however, against the wishes of his relatives, he joined the [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], who had only recently been founded as a [[w:mendicant order\|mendicant order]]. The order sent him first to [[w:Rome\|Rome]] and later, to remove him from the political influence of his parents, to [[w:Paris\|Paris]]. On the way there, however, he was attacked by his brothers acting on behalf of his mother and taken to the castle of Monte San Giovanni Campano, where he was held prisoner in the castle tower for two years. The family tried to change his mind by all means, but not even a girl they brought him was able to do so: the prisoner took a red-hot log and waved it in front of her until she screamed and fled. As Thomas remained steadfast in his resolve to remain a member of the Dominicans, the family finally gave in. To save face, a assault was faked and Thomas was able to return to his order.		At the age of five, Thomas was sent to the [[w:Benedictines\|Benedictine]] monastery of [[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]], where his father's brother Sinibald served as abbot. Thomas' family thus followed the tradition of giving the youngest son in the family a clerical post. It was in the family's interest that Thomas succeed his uncle. In 1244, however, against the wishes of his relatives, he joined the [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], who had only recently been founded as a [[w:mendicant order\|mendicant order]]. The order sent him first to [[w:Rome\|Rome]] and later, to remove him from the political influence of his parents, to [[w:Paris\|Paris]]. On the way there, however, he was attacked by his brothers acting on behalf of his mother and taken to the castle of [[w:Monte San Giovanni Campano\|Monte San Giovanni Campano]], where he was held prisoner in the castle tower for two years. The family tried to change his mind by all means, but not even a girl they brought him was able to do so: the prisoner took a red-hot log and waved it in front of her until she screamed and fled. As Thomas remained steadfast in his resolve to remain a member of the Dominicans, the family finally gave in. To save face, a assault was faked and Thomas was able to return to his order.

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

Odyssee at 11:12, 21 June 2022

2022-06-21T11:12:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 21 June 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg\|thumb\|Thomas Aquinas (posthumous painting by [[w:Carlo Crivelli\|Carlo Crivelli]], 1476)]]		[[File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg\|thumb\|Thomas Aquinas (posthumous painting by [[w:Carlo Crivelli\|Carlo Crivelli]], 1476)]]

	'''Thomas Aquinas''' (also ''Tommaso d'Aquino'', * c. 1225 at Roccasecca Castle near [[w:Naples\|Naples]] in [[w:Italy\|Italy]]; † 7 March 1274 at [[w:Fossanova Abbey\|Fossanova Abbey]]) was a [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominican]] friar and one of the most influential [[philosopher]]s and [[theologian]]s in history. He is one of the most important of the 35 Catholic [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctors of the Church]] and as such is known by various epithets such as ''Doctor Angelicus''<ref>In addition, e.g. ''doctor communis'', ''doctor ecclesiae'', ''angelus scholae'', ''pater ecclesiae'', ''lumen ecclesiae'', ''old Augustine'', (rarely) ''doctor universalis''; cf. e.g. Friedrich Ueberweg: ''Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie von Thales bis auf die Gegenwart'', vol. 1, Berlin 1863, p. 97.</ref>. According to his history of influence in the philosophy of the [[w:High Middle Ages\|High Middle Ages]], he is one of the main representatives of [[scholasticism]]. He left behind a very extensive body of work, which formed the basis of '''Thomism''' and which continues to have an effect, for example in '''Neothomism''', as the intellectual core of [[Neo-scholasticism]] up to the present day. He is venerated as a [[saint]] in the [[w:Catholic Church\|Roman Catholic Church]].		'''Thomas Aquinas''' (also ''Tommaso d'Aquino'', * c. 1225 at [[w:Roccasecca\|Roccasecca Castle]] near [[w:Naples\|Naples]] in [[w:Italy\|Italy]]; † 7 March 1274 at [[w:Fossanova Abbey\|Fossanova Abbey]]) was a [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominican]] friar and one of the most influential [[philosopher]]s and [[theologian]]s in history. He is one of the most important of the 35 Catholic [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctors of the Church]] and as such is known by various epithets such as ''Doctor Angelicus''<ref>In addition, e.g. ''doctor communis'', ''doctor ecclesiae'', ''angelus scholae'', ''pater ecclesiae'', ''lumen ecclesiae'', ''old Augustine'', (rarely) ''doctor universalis''; cf. e.g. Friedrich Ueberweg: ''Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie von Thales bis auf die Gegenwart'', vol. 1, Berlin 1863, p. 97.</ref>. According to his history of influence in the philosophy of the [[w:High Middle Ages\|High Middle Ages]], he is one of the main representatives of [[scholasticism]]. He left behind a very extensive body of work, which formed the basis of '''Thomism''' and which continues to have an effect, for example in '''Neothomism''', as the intellectual core of [[Neo-scholasticism]] up to the present day. He is venerated as a [[saint]] in the [[w:Catholic Church\|Roman Catholic Church]].

	== Significance for spiritual science ==		== Significance for spiritual science ==
Line 8:		Line 8:

	{{GZ\|He who today is a philosopher, a scientist in general, according to the pattern of popular concepts, says: Well, Aristotle is an old man who has been dismissed; Thomistics, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, belongs to the Middle Ages. - Anthroposophy knows that something special must emerge from the conditions and impulses of the present spirit of the age; it does not want to put into the present epoch what was right for an earlier epoch. But it understands from the conditions of those epochs that which only those epochs could grant. And it does not understand it merely externally, it understands it inwardly and essentially; it understands it so essentially that it says to itself: In Thomistic philosophy, which was essentially a servant, a companion of the Christianity of that time, there is something which could only arise from the spirit of that time. If one wants to become proficient, one must find one's way into that which can only emerge from the spirit of that time, not from the spirit of our time. Anthroposophy, therefore, does not regard it as a mere historical study to engage in Thomism, but it regards what one gets through Thomism as something that one can only get through it. That is very important. For this does not bring about that fuzzy, nebulous tolerance which is so often spoken of today, but it brings about that inner, understanding tolerance which, although it stands entirely on the ground of development, does not regard that which has once developed as something dismissed, but allows it to stand in its place, allows it to stand in its developing reality. Some things in nature, some things in spiritual life, must develop in the same way as plants, which have only a one-year existence: They develop this one-year existence, then develop another one-year existence. Other plants, however, develop from one year into the next, what is there as wood; they are permanent plants. It is the same in spiritual culture. Some things must continue in spiritual culture, must be taken up in later times by those who really want to feel solidarity with the overall development of humanity.\|72\|87ff}}		{{GZ\|He who today is a philosopher, a scientist in general, according to the pattern of popular concepts, says: Well, Aristotle is an old man who has been dismissed; Thomistics, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, belongs to the Middle Ages. - Anthroposophy knows that something special must emerge from the conditions and impulses of the present spirit of the age; it does not want to put into the present epoch what was right for an earlier epoch. But it understands from the conditions of those epochs that which only those epochs could grant. And it does not understand it merely externally, it understands it inwardly and essentially; it understands it so essentially that it says to itself: In Thomistic philosophy, which was essentially a servant, a companion of the Christianity of that time, there is something which could only arise from the spirit of that time. If one wants to become proficient, one must find one's way into that which can only emerge from the spirit of that time, not from the spirit of our time. Anthroposophy, therefore, does not regard it as a mere historical study to engage in Thomism, but it regards what one gets through Thomism as something that one can only get through it. That is very important. For this does not bring about that fuzzy, nebulous tolerance which is so often spoken of today, but it brings about that inner, understanding tolerance which, although it stands entirely on the ground of development, does not regard that which has once developed as something dismissed, but allows it to stand in its place, allows it to stand in its developing reality. Some things in nature, some things in spiritual life, must develop in the same way as plants, which have only a one-year existence: They develop this one-year existence, then develop another one-year existence. Other plants, however, develop from one year into the next, what is there as wood; they are permanent plants. It is the same in spiritual culture. Some things must continue in spiritual culture, must be taken up in later times by those who really want to feel solidarity with the overall development of humanity.\|72\|87ff}}

			== Life ==

			Thomas Aquinas, also called "Aquinas" for short, or just "Thomas", was born shortly before or shortly after New Year's Day 1225 in the castle of [[w:Roccasecca\|Roccasecca]], 9 km from [[w:Aquino\|Aquino]], the seventh son of Duke Landulf of the feudal high nobility of Aquino. When Thomas was still a child, lightning struck in his immediate vicinity, killing his baby sister. [[Rudolf Steiner]] has pointed out that through this elementary event Thomas was woven in an image of the [[astral body]] of the [[Christ]].

			{{GZ\|Let us now take the other great representative of Christianity: Thomas Aquinas. If we compare him with Augustine, we see that he was not, like the latter, caught in error, and that from infancy he knew neither doubt nor unbelief, because judgment and conviction have their seat in the astral body, and he had interwoven into his own astral body that of the Christ. An implantation of any principle into a human body can only take place when an external fact changes the natural course of things. For when Thomas was a child, lightning struck near him and killed his little sister. This physical event, only apparently physical, made him fit to receive into his astral body that of the Christ.\|109\|73}}

			{{GZ\|Sometimes external events, for example, natural catastrophes or the like, must help in this interweaving. Thus it is told by Thomas Aquino that lightning strikes the room in which he is, killing the little sister in the cradle next to him, but sparing him. For him, this striking of the lightning next to him means that the power that comes from the elements helps to let him take up the copy of the astral body of Jesus of Nazareth.\|109\|156}}

			At the age of five, Thomas was sent to the [[w:Benedictines\|Benedictine]] monastery of [[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]], where his father's brother Sinibald served as abbot. Thomas' family thus followed the tradition of giving the youngest son in the family a clerical post. It was in the family's interest that Thomas succeed his uncle. In 1244, however, against the wishes of his relatives, he joined the [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], who had only recently been founded as a [[w:mendicant order\|mendicant order]]. The order sent him first to [[w:Rome\|Rome]] and later, to remove him from the political influence of his parents, to [[w:Paris\|Paris]]. On the way there, however, he was attacked by his brothers acting on behalf of his mother and taken to the castle of Monte San Giovanni Campano, where he was held prisoner in the castle tower for two years. The family tried to change his mind by all means, but not even a girl they brought him was able to do so: the prisoner took a red-hot log and waved it in front of her until she screamed and fled. As Thomas remained steadfast in his resolve to remain a member of the Dominicans, the family finally gave in. To save face, a assault was faked and Thomas was able to return to his order.

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

Odyssee at 10:54, 21 June 2022

2022-06-21T10:54:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:54, 21 June 2022
Line 10:		Line 10:

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==
			* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''The Riddles of Philosophy''. Anthroposophic Press 1973, '''CW 18''' [https://wn.rsarchive.org/GA/GA0018/English/AP1973/GA018_index.html rsarchive.org]
			* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''The Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas''. [[CW 74]]. Kessinger Publishing 2010. ISBN 978-1163180693 [https://www.rsarchive.org/GA/index.php?ga=GA0074 rsarchive.org]
			* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''The Redemption of Thinking: A Study in the Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas''. Translated by A. P. Shepherd. Anthroposophic Press Inc. 2004. ISBN 978-0880100441 [https://www.rsarchive.org/GA/index.php?ga=GA0074 rsarchive.org]

			=== German ===

	* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Rätsel der Philosophie in ihrer Geschichte als Umriß dargestellt'', [[GA 18]] (1985), ISBN 3-7274-0180-X {{Lectures\|018}}		* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Rätsel der Philosophie in ihrer Geschichte als Umriß dargestellt'', [[GA 18]] (1985), ISBN 3-7274-0180-X {{Lectures\|018}}

Odyssee at 05:58, 21 June 2022

2022-06-21T05:58:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:58, 21 June 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg\|thumb~~\|250px~~\|Thomas Aquinas (posthumous painting by [[w:Carlo Crivelli\|Carlo Crivelli]], 1476)]]		[[File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg\|thumb\|Thomas Aquinas (posthumous painting by [[w:Carlo Crivelli\|Carlo Crivelli]], 1476)]]

	'''Thomas Aquinas''' (also ''Tommaso d'Aquino'', * c. 1225 at Roccasecca Castle near [[w:Naples\|Naples]] in [[w:Italy\|Italy]]; † 7 March 1274 at [[w:Fossanova Abbey\|Fossanova Abbey]]) was a [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominican]] friar and one of the most influential [[philosopher]]s and [[theologian]]s in history. He is one of the most important of the 35 Catholic [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctors of the Church]] and as such is known by various epithets such as ''Doctor Angelicus''<ref>In addition, e.g. ''doctor communis'', ''doctor ecclesiae'', ''angelus scholae'', ''pater ecclesiae'', ''lumen ecclesiae'', ''old Augustine'', (rarely) ''doctor universalis''; cf. e.g. Friedrich Ueberweg: ''Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie von Thales bis auf die Gegenwart'', vol. 1, Berlin 1863, p. 97.</ref>. According to his history of influence in the philosophy of the [[w:High Middle Ages\|High Middle Ages]], he is one of the main representatives of [[scholasticism]]. He left behind a very extensive body of work, which formed the basis of '''Thomism''' and which continues to have an effect, for example in '''Neothomism''', as the intellectual core of [[Neo-scholasticism]] up to the present day. He is venerated as a [[saint]] in the [[w:Catholic Church\|Roman Catholic Church]].		'''Thomas Aquinas''' (also ''Tommaso d'Aquino'', * c. 1225 at Roccasecca Castle near [[w:Naples\|Naples]] in [[w:Italy\|Italy]]; † 7 March 1274 at [[w:Fossanova Abbey\|Fossanova Abbey]]) was a [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominican]] friar and one of the most influential [[philosopher]]s and [[theologian]]s in history. He is one of the most important of the 35 Catholic [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctors of the Church]] and as such is known by various epithets such as ''Doctor Angelicus''<ref>In addition, e.g. ''doctor communis'', ''doctor ecclesiae'', ''angelus scholae'', ''pater ecclesiae'', ''lumen ecclesiae'', ''old Augustine'', (rarely) ''doctor universalis''; cf. e.g. Friedrich Ueberweg: ''Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie von Thales bis auf die Gegenwart'', vol. 1, Berlin 1863, p. 97.</ref>. According to his history of influence in the philosophy of the [[w:High Middle Ages\|High Middle Ages]], he is one of the main representatives of [[scholasticism]]. He left behind a very extensive body of work, which formed the basis of '''Thomism''' and which continues to have an effect, for example in '''Neothomism''', as the intellectual core of [[Neo-scholasticism]] up to the present day. He is venerated as a [[saint]] in the [[w:Catholic Church\|Roman Catholic Church]].

			== Significance for spiritual science ==

			Thomas united the scientific approach of antiquity, especially of [[Aristotle]], with [[Christianity]]. He had to naturalise the scientific approach, the systematic questioning and answering, categorising and cataloguing, in the religious world of the medieval monasteries and the first universities. The modern spiritual-scientific tradition that came into being as a result of this must today, for [[Rudolf Steiner]] and those who follow him, be kept the other way round under the spell of a genuine interest in the deepest facts.

			{{GZ\|He who today is a philosopher, a scientist in general, according to the pattern of popular concepts, says: Well, Aristotle is an old man who has been dismissed; Thomistics, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, belongs to the Middle Ages. - Anthroposophy knows that something special must emerge from the conditions and impulses of the present spirit of the age; it does not want to put into the present epoch what was right for an earlier epoch. But it understands from the conditions of those epochs that which only those epochs could grant. And it does not understand it merely externally, it understands it inwardly and essentially; it understands it so essentially that it says to itself: In Thomistic philosophy, which was essentially a servant, a companion of the Christianity of that time, there is something which could only arise from the spirit of that time. If one wants to become proficient, one must find one's way into that which can only emerge from the spirit of that time, not from the spirit of our time. Anthroposophy, therefore, does not regard it as a mere historical study to engage in Thomism, but it regards what one gets through Thomism as something that one can only get through it. That is very important. For this does not bring about that fuzzy, nebulous tolerance which is so often spoken of today, but it brings about that inner, understanding tolerance which, although it stands entirely on the ground of development, does not regard that which has once developed as something dismissed, but allows it to stand in its place, allows it to stand in its developing reality. Some things in nature, some things in spiritual life, must develop in the same way as plants, which have only a one-year existence: They develop this one-year existence, then develop another one-year existence. Other plants, however, develop from one year into the next, what is there as wood; they are permanent plants. It is the same in spiritual culture. Some things must continue in spiritual culture, must be taken up in later times by those who really want to feel solidarity with the overall development of humanity.\|72\|87ff}}

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

Odyssee: Created page with "Thomas Aquinas (posthumous painting by [[w:Carlo Crivelli|, 1476)]] '''Thomas Aquinas''' (also ''Tommaso d'Aquino'', * c. 1225 at R..."

2022-06-21T05:47:55Z

Created page with "thumb|250px|Thomas Aquinas (posthumous painting by [[w:Carlo Crivelli|, 1476)]] '''Thomas Aquinas''' (also ''Tommaso d'Aquino'', * c. 1225 at R..."

New page

[[File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg|thumb|250px|Thomas Aquinas (posthumous painting by [[w:Carlo Crivelli|Carlo Crivelli]], 1476)]]

'''Thomas Aquinas''' (also ''Tommaso d'Aquino'', * c. 1225 at Roccasecca Castle near [[w:Naples|Naples]] in [[w:Italy|Italy]]; † 7 March 1274 at [[w:Fossanova Abbey|Fossanova Abbey]]) was a [[w:Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar and one of the most influential [[philosopher]]s and [[theologian]]s in history. He is one of the most important of the 35 Catholic [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]] and as such is known by various epithets such as ''Doctor Angelicus''<ref>In addition, e.g. ''doctor communis'', ''doctor ecclesiae'', ''angelus scholae'', ''pater ecclesiae'', ''lumen ecclesiae'', ''old Augustine'', (rarely) ''doctor universalis''; cf. e.g. Friedrich Ueberweg: ''Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie von Thales bis auf die Gegenwart'', vol. 1, Berlin 1863, p. 97.</ref>. According to his history of influence in the philosophy of the [[w:High Middle Ages|High Middle Ages]], he is one of the main representatives of [[scholasticism]]. He left behind a very extensive body of work, which formed the basis of '''Thomism''' and which continues to have an effect, for example in '''Neothomism''', as the intellectual core of [[Neo-scholasticism]] up to the present day. He is venerated as a [[saint]] in the [[w:Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]].

== Literature ==

* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Rätsel der Philosophie in ihrer Geschichte als Umriß dargestellt'', [[GA 18]] (1985), ISBN 3-7274-0180-X {{Lectures|018}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Freiheit – Unsterblichkeit – Soziales Leben'', [[GA 72]] (1990), ISBN 3-7274-0720-4 {{Lectures|072}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Philosophie des Thomas von Aquino'', [[GA 74]] (1993), ISBN 3-7274-0741-7 {{Lectures|074}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Das Prinzip der spirituellen Ökonomie im Zusammenhang mit Wiederverkörperungsfragen'', [[GA 109]] (2000), ISBN 3-7274-1090-6 {{Lectures|109}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Menschliche und menschheitliche Entwicklungswahrheiten. Das Karma des Materialismus.'', [[GA 176]] (1982), ISBN 3-7274-1760-9 {{Lectures|176}}

{{GA}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Philosopher]]
[[Category:Theologian]]
[[Category:Thomas Aquinas]]
[[Category:Aristotelianism]]
[[Category:1225 births]]
[[Category:1274 deaths]]
[[de:Thomas von Aquin]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:55, 21 June 2022
Line 31:		Line 31:

	[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]		[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]
	Thomas died at the monastery of Fossanova on 7 March 1274 while travelling to the [[w:Second Council of Lyon\|Second Council of Lyon]]. [[Dante]] (Purg. XX. 69) suggests that [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], King of [[w:Sicily\|Sicily]] since 1266, was responsible for his death<ref>Dante, however, was not exactly well-disposed towards [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], who had come to [[w:Florence\|Florence]] ostensibly as a peacemaker, but had in fact sparked the civil war that led to Dante's lifelong banishment.<~~7ref~~>. Giovanni Villani (IX 218) shares a rumour ("si dice": "they say") according to which Thomas was murdered by one of the king's physicians with poisoned confectionery. According to this account, the doctor was not acting on behalf of the king, but with the intention of doing him a favour because he feared that a member of the family of the Counts of Aquino, who had rebelled against Charles, would be elevated to the rank of cardinal. In different versions, most of which attribute responsibility to Charles, the rumour of the poison murder was also circulated in the early Latin and vernacular commentaries on Dante that were written in the period after Dante's death. Tolomeo da Lucca, a former student and confessor of Aquinas, in his Historia ecclesiastica (L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. XI, pp. 1168-69) speaks only of a serious illness on the journey on arrival in Campania, but offers no hint of an unnatural cause of death.		Thomas died at the monastery of Fossanova on 7 March 1274 while travelling to the [[w:Second Council of Lyon\|Second Council of Lyon]]. [[Dante]] (Purg. XX. 69) suggests that [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], King of [[w:Sicily\|Sicily]] since 1266, was responsible for his death<ref>Dante, however, was not exactly well-disposed towards [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], who had come to [[w:Florence\|Florence]] ostensibly as a peacemaker, but had in fact sparked the civil war that led to Dante's lifelong banishment.</ref>. Giovanni Villani (IX 218) shares a rumour ("si dice": "they say") according to which Thomas was murdered by one of the king's physicians with poisoned confectionery. According to this account, the doctor was not acting on behalf of the king, but with the intention of doing him a favour because he feared that a member of the family of the Counts of Aquino, who had rebelled against Charles, would be elevated to the rank of cardinal. In different versions, most of which attribute responsibility to Charles, the rumour of the poison murder was also circulated in the early Latin and vernacular commentaries on Dante that were written in the period after Dante's death. Tolomeo da Lucca, a former student and confessor of Aquinas, in his Historia ecclesiastica (L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. XI, pp. 1168-69) speaks only of a serious illness on the journey on arrival in Campania, but offers no hint of an unnatural cause of death.

	[[w:Pope John XXII\|Pope John XXII]] canonised Thomas in 1323. In 1567 he was elevated to the rank of [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctor of the Church]]. His bones were transferred to [[w:Toulouse\|Toulouse]] on 28 January 1369, where they have rested again since 1974 in the church of the Dominican monastery of Les Jacobins. (From 1792 to 1974 they were buried in the [[w:Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse\|Basilica of Saint-Sernin]]).		[[w:Pope John XXII\|Pope John XXII]] canonised Thomas in 1323. In 1567 he was elevated to the rank of [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctor of the Church]]. His bones were transferred to [[w:Toulouse\|Toulouse]] on 28 January 1369, where they have rested again since 1974 in the church of the Dominican monastery of Les Jacobins. (From 1792 to 1974 they were buried in the [[w:Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse\|Basilica of Saint-Sernin]]).

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:03, 21 June 2022
Line 20:		Line 20:
	At the age of five, Thomas was sent to the [[w:Benedictines\|Benedictine]] monastery of [[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]], where his father's brother Sinibald served as abbot. Thomas' family thus followed the tradition of giving the youngest son in the family a clerical post. It was in the family's interest that Thomas succeed his uncle. In 1244, however, against the wishes of his relatives, he joined the [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], who had only recently been founded as a [[w:mendicant order\|mendicant order]]. The order sent him first to [[w:Rome\|Rome]] and later, to remove him from the political influence of his parents, to [[w:Paris\|Paris]]. On the way there, however, he was attacked by his brothers acting on behalf of his mother and taken to the castle of [[w:Monte San Giovanni Campano\|Monte San Giovanni Campano]], where he was held prisoner in the castle tower for two years. The family tried to change his mind by all means, but not even a girl they brought him was able to do so: the prisoner took a red-hot log and waved it in front of her until she screamed and fled. As Thomas remained steadfast in his resolve to remain a member of the Dominicans, the family finally gave in. To save face, a assault was faked and Thomas was able to return to his order.		At the age of five, Thomas was sent to the [[w:Benedictines\|Benedictine]] monastery of [[w:Monte Cassino\|Monte Cassino]], where his father's brother Sinibald served as abbot. Thomas' family thus followed the tradition of giving the youngest son in the family a clerical post. It was in the family's interest that Thomas succeed his uncle. In 1244, however, against the wishes of his relatives, he joined the [[w:Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], who had only recently been founded as a [[w:mendicant order\|mendicant order]]. The order sent him first to [[w:Rome\|Rome]] and later, to remove him from the political influence of his parents, to [[w:Paris\|Paris]]. On the way there, however, he was attacked by his brothers acting on behalf of his mother and taken to the castle of [[w:Monte San Giovanni Campano\|Monte San Giovanni Campano]], where he was held prisoner in the castle tower for two years. The family tried to change his mind by all means, but not even a girl they brought him was able to do so: the prisoner took a red-hot log and waved it in front of her until she screamed and fled. As Thomas remained steadfast in his resolve to remain a member of the Dominicans, the family finally gave in. To save face, a assault was faked and Thomas was able to return to his order.

	At the [[w:University of Paris\|University of Paris]], he studied with [[~~w:Albertus Magnus\|~~Albertus Magnus]] from 1245 to 1248, whom he then followed to [[w:Cologne\|Cologne]]. From 1248 to 1252 he was a student and assistant to Albertus there. From 1252 he was back in Paris, where from 1252 to 1256 he gave his first own lectures on the [[w:Sentences\|Sentences]] of [[w:Petrus Lombardus\|Petrus Lombardus]] as a [[w:baccalareus\|baccalareus]]. From 1256 to 1259 he taught in Paris as a [[w:Master of Theology\|Master of Theology]]. In 1259 he returned to Italy and taught first in Naples (although this is not certain) and then from 1261 to 1265 as a conventual lecturer of the Dominican convent in [[w:Orvieto\|Orvieto]].		At the [[w:University of Paris\|University of Paris]], he studied with [[Albertus Magnus]] from 1245 to 1248, whom he then followed to [[w:Cologne\|Cologne]]. From 1248 to 1252 he was a student and assistant to Albertus there. From 1252 he was back in Paris, where from 1252 to 1256 he gave his first own lectures on the [[w:Sentences\|Sentences]] of [[w:Petrus Lombardus\|Petrus Lombardus]] as a [[w:baccalareus\|baccalareus]]. From 1256 to 1259 he taught in Paris as a [[w:Master of Theology\|Master of Theology]]. In 1259 he returned to Italy and taught first in Naples (although this is not certain) and then from 1261 to 1265 as a conventual lecturer of the Dominican convent in [[w:Orvieto\|Orvieto]].

	From about 1260, [[~~w:Reginald of Piperno\|~~Reginald of Piperno]] was his lifelong principal secretary and companion (socius continuus). Judging by the almost unbelievable quantity of his writings, it is obvious to believe the testimony of his principal secretary: according to this, Aquinas always dictated to three or four secretaries at the same time.		From about 1260, [[Reginald of Piperno]] was his lifelong principal secretary and companion (socius continuus). Judging by the almost unbelievable quantity of his writings, it is obvious to believe the testimony of his principal secretary: according to this, Aquinas always dictated to three or four secretaries at the same time.

	From 1265 to 1268, Thomas was a magister in Rome, where he began writing the Summa Theologiae. In November 1268 he finished at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the studium generale at the Convent of [[w:Santa Maria sopra Minerva\|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which became the College of St Thomas ({{Latin}} ''Collegium Divi Thomæ'') in the 16th century and then the [[w:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas\|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in the 20th century.		From 1265 to 1268, Thomas was a magister in Rome, where he began writing the Summa Theologiae. In November 1268 he finished at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the studium generale at the Convent of [[w:Santa Maria sopra Minerva\|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which became the College of St Thomas ({{Latin}} ''Collegium Divi Thomæ'') in the 16th century and then the [[w:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas\|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in the 20th century.
Line 31:		Line 31:

	[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]		[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]
			Thomas died at the monastery of Fossanova on 7 March 1274 while travelling to the [[w:Second Council of Lyon\|Second Council of Lyon]]. [[Dante]] (Purg. XX. 69) suggests that [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], King of [[w:Sicily\|Sicily]] since 1266, was responsible for his death<ref>Dante, however, was not exactly well-disposed towards [[w:Charles I of Anjou\|Charles I of Anjou]], who had come to [[w:Florence\|Florence]] ostensibly as a peacemaker, but had in fact sparked the civil war that led to Dante's lifelong banishment.<7ref>. Giovanni Villani (IX 218) shares a rumour ("si dice": "they say") according to which Thomas was murdered by one of the king's physicians with poisoned confectionery. According to this account, the doctor was not acting on behalf of the king, but with the intention of doing him a favour because he feared that a member of the family of the Counts of Aquino, who had rebelled against Charles, would be elevated to the rank of cardinal. In different versions, most of which attribute responsibility to Charles, the rumour of the poison murder was also circulated in the early Latin and vernacular commentaries on Dante that were written in the period after Dante's death. Tolomeo da Lucca, a former student and confessor of Aquinas, in his Historia ecclesiastica (L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. XI, pp. 1168-69) speaks only of a serious illness on the journey on arrival in Campania, but offers no hint of an unnatural cause of death.

			[[w:Pope John XXII\|Pope John XXII]] canonised Thomas in 1323. In 1567 he was elevated to the rank of [[w:Doctor of the Church\|Doctor of the Church]]. His bones were transferred to [[w:Toulouse\|Toulouse]] on 28 January 1369, where they have rested again since 1974 in the church of the Dominican monastery of Les Jacobins. (From 1792 to 1974 they were buried in the [[w:Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse\|Basilica of Saint-Sernin]]).

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:50, 21 June 2022
Line 24:		Line 24:
	From about 1260, [[w:Reginald of Piperno\|Reginald of Piperno]] was his lifelong principal secretary and companion (socius continuus). Judging by the almost unbelievable quantity of his writings, it is obvious to believe the testimony of his principal secretary: according to this, Aquinas always dictated to three or four secretaries at the same time.		From about 1260, [[w:Reginald of Piperno\|Reginald of Piperno]] was his lifelong principal secretary and companion (socius continuus). Judging by the almost unbelievable quantity of his writings, it is obvious to believe the testimony of his principal secretary: according to this, Aquinas always dictated to three or four secretaries at the same time.

	From 1265 to 1268, Thomas was a magister in Rome, where he began writing the Summa Theologiae. In November 1268 he finished at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the studium generale at the Convent of [[w:Santa Maria sopra Minerva\|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which became the College of St Thomas ({{Latin\|Collegium Divi Thomæ}}) in the 16th century and then the [[w:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas\|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in the 20th century.		From 1265 to 1268, Thomas was a magister in Rome, where he began writing the Summa Theologiae. In November 1268 he finished at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the studium generale at the Convent of [[w:Santa Maria sopra Minerva\|Santa Maria sopra Minerva]], which became the College of St Thomas ({{Latin}} ''Collegium Divi Thomæ'') in the 16th century and then the [[w:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas\|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in the 20th century.

	In [[w:Viterbo\|Viterbo]], where a total of eight popes resided almost without interruption from 1257 to 1281, the longest conclave in church history to date took place after the death of [[w:Pope Clement IV\|Pope Clement IV]] from 30 November 1268 to 1 September 1271. From here, Thomas left for Paris at the end of 1268 together with his disciple ''Nicholas Brunacci'' (1240-1322) and Reginald of Piperno, where he taught as Magister for the second time until 1272. It was during this period that he produced many of his writings, including most of the [[w:Summa Theologiae\|Summa Theologiae]] and most of his commentaries on [[Aristotle]]. He left Paris in the spring of 1272. From mid-1272 to the end of 1273, he taught as a Magister in Naples and built up a Dominican school there.		In [[w:Viterbo\|Viterbo]], where a total of eight popes resided almost without interruption from 1257 to 1281, the longest conclave in church history to date took place after the death of [[w:Pope Clement IV\|Pope Clement IV]] from 30 November 1268 to 1 September 1271. From here, Thomas left for Paris at the end of 1268 together with his disciple ''Nicholas Brunacci'' (1240-1322) and Reginald of Piperno, where he taught as Magister for the second time until 1272. It was during this period that he produced many of his writings, including most of the [[w:Summa Theologiae\|Summa Theologiae]] and most of his commentaries on [[Aristotle]]. He left Paris in the spring of 1272. From mid-1272 to the end of 1273, he taught as a Magister in Naples and built up a Dominican school there.

	On [[w:Saint Nicholas Day\|Saint Nicholas Day]] 1273, according to Reginald of Piperno, Thomas had a mystical experience during Holy Mass that made everything he had written so far seem like dry straw; he is said to have written no more as a result<ref>"omnia quae scripsi videntur michi palee" (Everything I have written seems like straw compared to what I have seen.). Thus the report of Bartholomew of Capua, referring to Reginald of Piperno, the secretary of Thomas, cf. M..-H. Laurent (ed.): ''Processus canonizationis Neapoli S. Thomae, Fontes vitae sancti Thomae Aquinatis'' 4, in: ''Revue Thomiste'' 38-39 (1933-34), pp. 265-497, 79, p. 377; C. Le Brun-Gouanvic: ''Edition critique de l'Ystoia sancti Thome de Aquino de Guillaume de Tocco'', 2 vols, Montréal 1987, 47, p. 347; James A. Weisheipl: ''Thomas von Aquin, Sein Leben und seine Theologie'', Graz 1980, 293f; Torrell 1995, 302 / Torrell 2005, 274.</ref>.		On [[w:Saint Nicholas Day\|Saint Nicholas Day]] 1273, according to Reginald of Piperno, Thomas had a mystical experience during Holy Mass that made everything he had written so far seem like dry straw; he is said to have written no more as a result<ref>"omnia quae scripsi videntur michi palee" (Everything I have written seems like straw compared to what I have seen.). Thus the report of Bartholomew of Capua, referring to Reginald of Piperno, the secretary of Thomas, cf. M..-H. Laurent (ed.): ''Processus canonizationis Neapoli S. Thomae, Fontes vitae sancti Thomae Aquinatis'' 4, in: ''Revue Thomiste'' 38-39 (1933-34), pp. 265-497, 79, p. 377; C. Le Brun-Gouanvic: ''Edition critique de l'Ystoia sancti Thome de Aquino de Guillaume de Tocco'', 2 vols, Montréal 1987, 47, p. 347; James A. Weisheipl: ''Thomas von Aquin, Sein Leben und seine Theologie'', Graz 1980, 293f; Torrell 1995, 302 / Torrell 2005, 274.</ref>.

			[[File:Fossanova.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The monastery of [[w:Fossanova\|Fossanova]], where Thomas Aquinas died on 7 March 1274.]]

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==