Sense of smell - Revision history

Odyssee: /* Olfactory system */

2021-05-03T12:47:52Z

Olfactory system

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:47, 3 May 2021
Line 21:		Line 21:

	== Olfactory system ==		== Olfactory system ==
	[[File:Head Olfactory Nerve Labeled.png\|thumb\|~~Components of the~~ olfactory system]]		[[File:Head Olfactory Nerve Labeled.png\|thumb\|The olfactory system]]
			[[File:Olfactory system.svg\|thumb\|1: [[w:Olfactory bulb\|Olfactory bulb]] 2: [[w:Mitral cell\|Mitral cell]]s 3: Bone 4: [[w:Olfactory epithelium\|Nasal epithelium]] 5: [[w:Glomerulus (olfaction)\|Glomerulus]] 6: [[w:Olfactory receptor\|Olfactory receptor cells]]]]

	The '''olfactory pathways''' comprise the neuroanatomical pathways of olfactory perception from the olfactory sensors in the nose, or more precisely the olfactory mucosa, to the '''olfactory cortex''' of the end brain. The [[w:Stimulus (physiology)\|sensory stimuli]] are [[w:Transduction (physiology)\|tranducted]] to the olfactory cortex by the [[w:olfactory nerve\|olfactory nerve]]. The olfactory cortex, also known as the [[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]] ({{Latin}}) or '''olfactory brain''', contains the structures of the [[w:cerebrum\|cerebrum]] that serve to perceive and centrally process odours. The olfactory system is one of the oldest sensory systems of [[w:vertebrate\|vertebrate]]s and is structured completely differently from the other receptive fields. Here, the [[w:cerebral cortex\|cerebral cortex]] is extended forward like a cord and forms the [[w:olfactory bulb\|olfactory bulb]] (''bulbus olfactorius'') and the ''pedunculus olfactorius''. In humans, these two have largely lost their cortical character due to a considerable reduction in the number of cells. Not least for this reason (but mainly because of its elongated shape), the olfactory cortex was misinterpreted as a nerve by the old anatomists. Medical nomenclature retains this error in the counting of [[cranial nerves]] and lists these structures as the first cranial nerve (''nervus olfactorius''). In non-primates, the olfactory bulb is much more pronounced in proportion to the rest of the cerebrum and protrudes forward.		The '''olfactory pathways''' comprise the neuroanatomical pathways of olfactory perception from the olfactory sensors in the nose, or more precisely the olfactory mucosa, to the '''olfactory cortex''' of the end brain. The [[w:Stimulus (physiology)\|sensory stimuli]] are [[w:Transduction (physiology)\|tranducted]] to the olfactory cortex by the [[w:olfactory nerve\|olfactory nerve]]. The olfactory cortex, also known as the [[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]] ({{Latin}}) or '''olfactory brain''', contains the structures of the [[w:cerebrum\|cerebrum]] that serve to perceive and centrally process odours. The olfactory system is one of the oldest sensory systems of [[w:vertebrate\|vertebrate]]s and is structured completely differently from the other receptive fields. Here, the [[w:cerebral cortex\|cerebral cortex]] is extended forward like a cord and forms the [[w:olfactory bulb\|olfactory bulb]] (''bulbus olfactorius'') and the ''pedunculus olfactorius''. In humans, these two have largely lost their cortical character due to a considerable reduction in the number of cells. Not least for this reason (but mainly because of its elongated shape), the olfactory cortex was misinterpreted as a nerve by the old anatomists. Medical nomenclature retains this error in the counting of [[cranial nerves]] and lists these structures as the first cranial nerve (''nervus olfactorius''). In non-primates, the olfactory bulb is much more pronounced in proportion to the rest of the cerebrum and protrudes forward.

Odyssee: /* Olfactory system */

2021-05-03T12:40:36Z

Olfactory system

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:40, 3 May 2021
Line 23:		Line 23:
	[[File:Head Olfactory Nerve Labeled.png\|thumb\|Components of the olfactory system]]		[[File:Head Olfactory Nerve Labeled.png\|thumb\|Components of the olfactory system]]

	The ~~peripheral~~ '''olfactory ~~system~~''' ~~consists mainly~~ of the ~~[[w:nostril\|nostril]]s~~, ~~[[w:ethmoid bone\|ethmoid bone]]~~, ~~[[w:nasal cavity\|nasal cavity]], and~~ the ~~[[w:~~olfactory ~~epithelium\|olfactory epithelium]]~~. The [[w:Stimulus (physiology)\|sensory stimuli]] are [[w:Transduction (physiology)\|tranducted]] to the ~~'''~~olfactory cortex~~'''~~ by the [[w:olfactory nerve\|olfactory nerve]]. The olfactory cortex, also known as the [[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]] ({{Latin}}) or '''olfactory brain''', contains the structures of the [[w:cerebrum\|cerebrum]] that serve to perceive and centrally process odours. The olfactory system is one of the oldest sensory systems of [[w:vertebrate\|vertebrate]]s and is structured completely differently from the other receptive fields. Here, the [[w:cerebral cortex\|cerebral cortex]] is extended forward like a cord and forms the [[w:olfactory bulb\|olfactory bulb]] (''bulbus olfactorius'') and the ''pedunculus olfactorius''. In humans, these two have largely lost their cortical character due to a considerable reduction in the number of cells. Not least for this reason (but mainly because of its elongated shape), the olfactory cortex was misinterpreted as a nerve by the old anatomists. Medical nomenclature retains this error in the counting of [[cranial nerves]] and lists these structures as the first cranial nerve (''nervus olfactorius''). In non-primates, the olfactory bulb is much more pronounced in proportion to the rest of the cerebrum and protrudes forward.		The '''olfactory pathways''' comprise the neuroanatomical pathways of olfactory perception from the olfactory sensors in the nose, or more precisely the olfactory mucosa, to the '''olfactory cortex''' of the end brain. The [[w:Stimulus (physiology)\|sensory stimuli]] are [[w:Transduction (physiology)\|tranducted]] to the olfactory cortex by the [[w:olfactory nerve\|olfactory nerve]]. The olfactory cortex, also known as the [[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]] ({{Latin}}) or '''olfactory brain''', contains the structures of the [[w:cerebrum\|cerebrum]] that serve to perceive and centrally process odours. The olfactory system is one of the oldest sensory systems of [[w:vertebrate\|vertebrate]]s and is structured completely differently from the other receptive fields. Here, the [[w:cerebral cortex\|cerebral cortex]] is extended forward like a cord and forms the [[w:olfactory bulb\|olfactory bulb]] (''bulbus olfactorius'') and the ''pedunculus olfactorius''. In humans, these two have largely lost their cortical character due to a considerable reduction in the number of cells. Not least for this reason (but mainly because of its elongated shape), the olfactory cortex was misinterpreted as a nerve by the old anatomists. Medical nomenclature retains this error in the counting of [[cranial nerves]] and lists these structures as the first cranial nerve (''nervus olfactorius''). In non-primates, the olfactory bulb is much more pronounced in proportion to the rest of the cerebrum and protrudes forward.

	The olfactory brain has two special features. Firstly, as in the [[w:hippocampus\|hippocampus]], new nerve cells are constantly being formed here. Secondly, parts of the [[w:amygdala\|amygdala]] ({{Greek\|ἀμυγδαλή}} ''amygdalē'' "almond, tonsil") also belong to the olfactory brain on the one hand and to the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]] on the other, which is significantly involved in the processing of [[feeling]]s and [[emotion]]s. In contrast to other sensory perceptions, smelling is therefore always accompanied by an emotional tone. {{LZ\|\|H. Beck, p. 89f.}}		The olfactory pathway consists of three nerve cells (neurons) connected in series.

			The peripheral '''olfactory system''' consists mainly of the [[w:nostril\|nostril]]s, [[w:ethmoid bone\|ethmoid bone]], [[w:nasal cavity\|nasal cavity]], and the [[w:olfactory epithelium\|olfactory epithelium]]. Bipolar [[w:olfactory receptor neuron\|olfactory receptor neuron]]s (primary sensory cells) are located in the [[w:olfactory mucosa\|olfactory mucosa]] (''regio olfactoria'') of the upper nasal concha. Their peripheral extension (dendrite) draws towards the surface of the mucosa, the central axon passes through the sieve plate (''lamina cribrosa'') of the [[w:ethmoid bone\|ethmoid bone]] to the [[w:olfactory bulb\|olfactory bulb]] (''bulbus olfactorius'') in the form of the olfactory filaments (''fila olfactoria''). The entirety of the olfactory filaments, although not neuroanatomically exact, is called the first [[cranial nerve]] (''nervus olfactorius'').

			In the olfactory bulb, the first switching takes place to the [[w:mitral cell\|mitral cell]]s, whose axons run via the '''olfactory tract''' (''tractus olfactorius'') to the ''stria olfactoria medialis et lateralis''. The [[w:glomerulus\|glomeruli]] form spherical structures in the olfactory bulb where [[w:synapse\|synapse]]s form between the terminals of the olfactory nerve and the [[w:dendrite\|dendrite]]s of the mitral, periglomerular and [[w:tufted cell\|tufted cell]]s.

			From the stria olfactoria medialis, the third neuron runs to the [[w:olfactory tubercle\|olfactory tubercle]] (''tuberculum olfactorium'') and from there to the [[w:nuclei septales\|nuclei septales]] and the [[w:parahippocampal gyrus\|parahippocampal gyrus]], thus reaching the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]]. This is where unconscious olfactory perception takes place.

			From the ''stria olfactoria lateralis'', the third neuron travels to the area periamygdalaris/praepiriformis to the [[w:frontal lobe\|frontal lobe]]. This is the pathway for conscious olfactory perception.

			The olfactory brain has two special features. Firstly, as in the [[w:hippocampus\|hippocampus]], new nerve cells are constantly being formed here. Secondly, parts of the [[w:amygdala\|amygdala]] ({{Greek\|ἀμυγδαλή}} ''amygdalē'' "almond, tonsil") also belong to the olfactory brain on the one hand and to the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]] on the other, which is significantly involved in the processing of [[feeling]]s and [[emotion]]s. In contrast to other sensory perceptions, smelling is therefore always accompanied by an emotional tone. {{LZ\|\|H. Beck, p. 89f.}}

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

Odyssee at 08:59, 3 May 2021

2021-05-03T08:59:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:59, 3 May 2021
Line 2:		Line 2:
	[[File:Dog nose.jpg\|thumb\|The nose of a dog]]		[[File:Dog nose.jpg\|thumb\|The nose of a dog]]

	~~The~~ '''sense of smell''' is one of the twelve physical [[sense]]s [[Rudolf Steiner]] spoke of in his theory of the senses ~~and~~ mediates '''olfactory perception''', the perception of odours with the help of the nose. The specific smell of certain substances or mixtures of substances is also called '''aroma''' ({{Greek\|ἄρωμα}} ''ároma'' "spice, fragrance, perfume"). Like sounds and colours, '''odours''', also called '''odor''' ({{Latin}}: "smell, stench, fragrance"), have their soul reality in the [[soul world]] in the so-called region of [[region of mobile sensitivity]] and [[spiritual beings]] live and work in them. The '''World Aroma''' is a revelation of the [[First Logos\|first Logos]].		'''Smelling''', or the '''sense of smell''', which is functionally based on the '''olfactory system''', is one of the twelve physical [[sense]]s [[Rudolf Steiner]] spoke of in his theory of the senses. It mediates '''olfactory perception''', the perception of odours, with the help of the nose. The specific smell of certain substances or mixtures of substances is also called '''aroma''' ({{Greek\|ἄρωμα}} ''ároma'' "spice, fragrance, perfume"). Like sounds and colours, '''odours''', also called '''odor''' ({{Latin}}: "smell, stench, fragrance"), have their soul reality in the [[soul world]] in the so-called region of [[region of mobile sensitivity]] and [[spiritual beings]] live and work in them. The '''World Aroma''' is a revelation of the [[First Logos\|first Logos]].

	{{GZ\|The first Logos flows forth as a world-aroma, as a clearly perceptible odour. In every odour dwells a spiritual being of a higher or lower nature. Very high good entities dwell in [[w:frankincense\|frankincense]]; they draw us directly upwards to God. Beings of the lowest nature are incarnate in the odour of [[w:musk\|musk]]. In earlier times, when people understood more about these things, they used musk for lower sensual stimulation.\|266a\|198}}		{{GZ\|The first Logos flows forth as a world-aroma, as a clearly perceptible odour. In every odour dwells a spiritual being of a higher or lower nature. Very high good entities dwell in [[w:frankincense\|frankincense]]; they draw us directly upwards to God. Beings of the lowest nature are incarnate in the odour of [[w:musk\|musk]]. In earlier times, when people understood more about these things, they used musk for lower sensual stimulation.\|266a\|198}}
Line 21:		Line 21:

	== Olfactory system ==		== Olfactory system ==
			[[File:Head Olfactory Nerve Labeled.png\|thumb\|Components of the olfactory system]]

	The '''olfactory ~~brain~~''' (~~{{Latin~~\|[[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]]}}) has two special features. Firstly, as in the [[w:hippocampus\|hippocampus]], new nerve cells are constantly being formed here. Secondly, parts of the [[w:amygdala\|amygdala]] ({{Greek\|ἀμυγδαλή}} ''amygdalē'' "almond, tonsil") also belong to the olfactory brain on the one hand and to the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]] on the other, which is significantly involved in the processing of [[feeling]]s and [[emotion]]s. In contrast to other sensory perceptions, smelling is therefore always accompanied by an emotional tone. {{LZ\|\|H. Beck, p. 89f.}}		The peripheral '''olfactory system''' consists mainly of the [[w:nostril\|nostril]]s, [[w:ethmoid bone\|ethmoid bone]], [[w:nasal cavity\|nasal cavity]], and the [[w:olfactory epithelium\|olfactory epithelium]]. The [[w:Stimulus (physiology)\|sensory stimuli]] are [[w:Transduction (physiology)\|tranducted]] to the '''olfactory cortex''' by the [[w:olfactory nerve\|olfactory nerve]]. The olfactory cortex, also known as the [[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]] ({{Latin}}) or '''olfactory brain''', contains the structures of the [[w:cerebrum\|cerebrum]] that serve to perceive and centrally process odours. The olfactory system is one of the oldest sensory systems of [[w:vertebrate\|vertebrate]]s and is structured completely differently from the other receptive fields. Here, the [[w:cerebral cortex\|cerebral cortex]] is extended forward like a cord and forms the [[w:olfactory bulb\|olfactory bulb]] (''bulbus olfactorius'') and the ''pedunculus olfactorius''. In humans, these two have largely lost their cortical character due to a considerable reduction in the number of cells. Not least for this reason (but mainly because of its elongated shape), the olfactory cortex was misinterpreted as a nerve by the old anatomists. Medical nomenclature retains this error in the counting of [[cranial nerves]] and lists these structures as the first cranial nerve (''nervus olfactorius''). In non-primates, the olfactory bulb is much more pronounced in proportion to the rest of the cerebrum and protrudes forward.

			The olfactory brain has two special features. Firstly, as in the [[w:hippocampus\|hippocampus]], new nerve cells are constantly being formed here. Secondly, parts of the [[w:amygdala\|amygdala]] ({{Greek\|ἀμυγδαλή}} ''amygdalē'' "almond, tonsil") also belong to the olfactory brain on the one hand and to the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]] on the other, which is significantly involved in the processing of [[feeling]]s and [[emotion]]s. In contrast to other sensory perceptions, smelling is therefore always accompanied by an emotional tone. {{LZ\|\|H. Beck, p. 89f.}}

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

Odyssee at 08:00, 3 May 2021

2021-05-03T08:00:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:00, 3 May 2021
Line 19:		Line 19:

	The sense of taste works in its own way because in it the etheric body is worked upon by the intellectual or mind soul. This soul pours out the astral currents through the organ of taste and sends them towards the substances on the tongue. - What goes on in the astral body when we smell is of a very special nature. What then flows out of the astral body when one smells? It is nothing other than of a volitional nature. What we feel inwardly as an impulse of will, swells towards the inflowing matter when we smell. The process of smelling is a fighting back, a wanting to push back the inflowing substance. Spiritual research can say that this inflowing substance is not only an air-like substance - that is only maya, deception - but that it is will flowing in from outside. A play of will forces takes place in smelling. The consequence of this is, as someone once suspected, that here will from within and will from without fight and inhibit each other. That person - Schopenhauer - founded a philosophy of the will on this suspicion. But that is a false metaphysics. What Schopenhauer says about these forces of will actually only applies to smelling; everything else is simply interpreted into it.\|115\|41f}}		The sense of taste works in its own way because in it the etheric body is worked upon by the intellectual or mind soul. This soul pours out the astral currents through the organ of taste and sends them towards the substances on the tongue. - What goes on in the astral body when we smell is of a very special nature. What then flows out of the astral body when one smells? It is nothing other than of a volitional nature. What we feel inwardly as an impulse of will, swells towards the inflowing matter when we smell. The process of smelling is a fighting back, a wanting to push back the inflowing substance. Spiritual research can say that this inflowing substance is not only an air-like substance - that is only maya, deception - but that it is will flowing in from outside. A play of will forces takes place in smelling. The consequence of this is, as someone once suspected, that here will from within and will from without fight and inhibit each other. That person - Schopenhauer - founded a philosophy of the will on this suspicion. But that is a false metaphysics. What Schopenhauer says about these forces of will actually only applies to smelling; everything else is simply interpreted into it.\|115\|41f}}

			== Olfactory system ==

	The '''olfactory brain''' ({{Latin\|[[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]]}}) has two special features. Firstly, as in the [[w:hippocampus\|hippocampus]], new nerve cells are constantly being formed here. Secondly, parts of the [[w:amygdala\|amygdala]] ({{Greek\|ἀμυγδαλή}} ''amygdalē'' "almond, tonsil") also belong to the olfactory brain on the one hand and to the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]] on the other, which is significantly involved in the processing of [[feeling]]s and [[emotion]]s. In contrast to other sensory perceptions, smelling is therefore always accompanied by an emotional tone. {{LZ\|\|H. Beck, p. 89f.}}		The '''olfactory brain''' ({{Latin\|[[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]]}}) has two special features. Firstly, as in the [[w:hippocampus\|hippocampus]], new nerve cells are constantly being formed here. Secondly, parts of the [[w:amygdala\|amygdala]] ({{Greek\|ἀμυγδαλή}} ''amygdalē'' "almond, tonsil") also belong to the olfactory brain on the one hand and to the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]] on the other, which is significantly involved in the processing of [[feeling]]s and [[emotion]]s. In contrast to other sensory perceptions, smelling is therefore always accompanied by an emotional tone. {{LZ\|\|H. Beck, p. 89f.}}

Odyssee at 07:48, 3 May 2021

2021-05-03T07:48:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:48, 3 May 2021
Line 4:		Line 4:
	The '''sense of smell''' is one of the twelve physical [[sense]]s [[Rudolf Steiner]] spoke of in his theory of the senses and mediates '''olfactory perception''', the perception of odours with the help of the nose. The specific smell of certain substances or mixtures of substances is also called '''aroma''' ({{Greek\|ἄρωμα}} ''ároma'' "spice, fragrance, perfume"). Like sounds and colours, '''odours''', also called '''odor''' ({{Latin}}: "smell, stench, fragrance"), have their soul reality in the [[soul world]] in the so-called region of [[region of mobile sensitivity]] and [[spiritual beings]] live and work in them. The '''World Aroma''' is a revelation of the [[First Logos\|first Logos]].		The '''sense of smell''' is one of the twelve physical [[sense]]s [[Rudolf Steiner]] spoke of in his theory of the senses and mediates '''olfactory perception''', the perception of odours with the help of the nose. The specific smell of certain substances or mixtures of substances is also called '''aroma''' ({{Greek\|ἄρωμα}} ''ároma'' "spice, fragrance, perfume"). Like sounds and colours, '''odours''', also called '''odor''' ({{Latin}}: "smell, stench, fragrance"), have their soul reality in the [[soul world]] in the so-called region of [[region of mobile sensitivity]] and [[spiritual beings]] live and work in them. The '''World Aroma''' is a revelation of the [[First Logos\|first Logos]].

	{{GZ\|The first Logos flows forth as a world-aroma, as a clearly perceptible odour. In every odour dwells a spiritual being of a higher or lower nature. Very high good entities dwell in ~~incense~~; they draw us directly upwards to God. Beings of the lowest nature are incarnate in the odour of [[w:musk\|musk]]. In earlier times, when people understood more about these things, they used musk for lower sensual stimulation.\|266a\|198}}		{{GZ\|The first Logos flows forth as a world-aroma, as a clearly perceptible odour. In every odour dwells a spiritual being of a higher or lower nature. Very high good entities dwell in [[w:frankincense\|frankincense]]; they draw us directly upwards to God. Beings of the lowest nature are incarnate in the odour of [[w:musk\|musk]]. In earlier times, when people understood more about these things, they used musk for lower sensual stimulation.\|266a\|198}}

	[[w:Patchouli\|Patchouli]], for example, is also regarded as an odour in which lower spirits incarnate<ref>cf. ''Weltenäther - Elementarwesen - Naturreiche'', Texte aus der Geisteswissenschaft Rudolf Steiners, edited by Dr. Ernst Hagemann, Oratio Vlg., Schaffhausen 2000, p. 159</ref>.		[[w:Patchouli\|Patchouli]], for example, is also regarded as an odour in which lower spirits incarnate<ref>cf. ''Weltenäther - Elementarwesen - Naturreiche'', Texte aus der Geisteswissenschaft Rudolf Steiners, edited by Dr. Ernst Hagemann, Oratio Vlg., Schaffhausen 2000, p. 159</ref>.

Odyssee at 07:17, 3 May 2021

2021-05-03T07:17:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:17, 3 May 2021
Line 19:		Line 19:

	The sense of taste works in its own way because in it the etheric body is worked upon by the intellectual or mind soul. This soul pours out the astral currents through the organ of taste and sends them towards the substances on the tongue. - What goes on in the astral body when we smell is of a very special nature. What then flows out of the astral body when one smells? It is nothing other than of a volitional nature. What we feel inwardly as an impulse of will, swells towards the inflowing matter when we smell. The process of smelling is a fighting back, a wanting to push back the inflowing substance. Spiritual research can say that this inflowing substance is not only an air-like substance - that is only maya, deception - but that it is will flowing in from outside. A play of will forces takes place in smelling. The consequence of this is, as someone once suspected, that here will from within and will from without fight and inhibit each other. That person - Schopenhauer - founded a philosophy of the will on this suspicion. But that is a false metaphysics. What Schopenhauer says about these forces of will actually only applies to smelling; everything else is simply interpreted into it.\|115\|41f}}		The sense of taste works in its own way because in it the etheric body is worked upon by the intellectual or mind soul. This soul pours out the astral currents through the organ of taste and sends them towards the substances on the tongue. - What goes on in the astral body when we smell is of a very special nature. What then flows out of the astral body when one smells? It is nothing other than of a volitional nature. What we feel inwardly as an impulse of will, swells towards the inflowing matter when we smell. The process of smelling is a fighting back, a wanting to push back the inflowing substance. Spiritual research can say that this inflowing substance is not only an air-like substance - that is only maya, deception - but that it is will flowing in from outside. A play of will forces takes place in smelling. The consequence of this is, as someone once suspected, that here will from within and will from without fight and inhibit each other. That person - Schopenhauer - founded a philosophy of the will on this suspicion. But that is a false metaphysics. What Schopenhauer says about these forces of will actually only applies to smelling; everything else is simply interpreted into it.\|115\|41f}}

			The '''olfactory brain''' ({{Latin\|[[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]]}}) has two special features. Firstly, as in the [[w:hippocampus\|hippocampus]], new nerve cells are constantly being formed here. Secondly, parts of the [[w:amygdala\|amygdala]] ({{Greek\|ἀμυγδαλή}} ''amygdalē'' "almond, tonsil") also belong to the olfactory brain on the one hand and to the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]] on the other, which is significantly involved in the processing of [[feeling]]s and [[emotion]]s. In contrast to other sensory perceptions, smelling is therefore always accompanied by an emotional tone. {{LZ\|\|H. Beck, p. 89f.}}

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

Odyssee at 06:23, 3 May 2021

2021-05-03T06:23:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:23, 3 May 2021
Line 13:		Line 13:

	{{GZ\|Now, while all the beings that were on the Sun were luminous, as everything that is fixed star is today, the Old Saturn realm of those beings that remained behind acted like a dark enclosure, like dark places opposite the light, like dull caves within the body of the Sun that disturbed its harmony. Particularly with regard to the world's aroma, sensations mingled in from the beings that had remained behind, spreading all kinds of bad smells. Our myth has retained this, saying that the devil stinks and leaves behind an evil odour. With the progress of the Sun, a dark inclusion has really also been left behind, and the sunspots of today are really the stragglers of the Old Saturn Empire on the Sun. For this reason, however, they are hypothetically to be explained exactly as they are today; all this is true.\|100\|115}}		{{GZ\|Now, while all the beings that were on the Sun were luminous, as everything that is fixed star is today, the Old Saturn realm of those beings that remained behind acted like a dark enclosure, like dark places opposite the light, like dull caves within the body of the Sun that disturbed its harmony. Particularly with regard to the world's aroma, sensations mingled in from the beings that had remained behind, spreading all kinds of bad smells. Our myth has retained this, saying that the devil stinks and leaves behind an evil odour. With the progress of the Sun, a dark inclusion has really also been left behind, and the sunspots of today are really the stragglers of the Old Saturn Empire on the Sun. For this reason, however, they are hypothetically to be explained exactly as they are today; all this is true.\|100\|115}}

			The sense of smell is closely related to the [[consciousness soul]]:

			{{GZ\|But what happens with the sense of smell? Something takes hold of the human organism that is already closer to our consciousness, namely the consciousness soul itself. What is called the consciousness soul in spiritual science comes into action when we smell. At a certain point in the organism it causes not only expansion and dilution, but the astral body sends its effect outwards, and this effect therefore goes beyond the organism. While in smelling the aeriform substance penetrates the mucous membrane of the nose, the astral substance pushes itself outwards to the same extent. When smelling, this astral substance always leaves the organism, dives into the thing and experiences something not only in itself, but in this thing, which we name and experience as a fragrance, odour, stench or the like. It is like a feeler of the astral body, what arises through the consciousness soul.

			The sense of taste works in its own way because in it the etheric body is worked upon by the intellectual or mind soul. This soul pours out the astral currents through the organ of taste and sends them towards the substances on the tongue. - What goes on in the astral body when we smell is of a very special nature. What then flows out of the astral body when one smells? It is nothing other than of a volitional nature. What we feel inwardly as an impulse of will, swells towards the inflowing matter when we smell. The process of smelling is a fighting back, a wanting to push back the inflowing substance. Spiritual research can say that this inflowing substance is not only an air-like substance - that is only maya, deception - but that it is will flowing in from outside. A play of will forces takes place in smelling. The consequence of this is, as someone once suspected, that here will from within and will from without fight and inhibit each other. That person - Schopenhauer - founded a philosophy of the will on this suspicion. But that is a false metaphysics. What Schopenhauer says about these forces of will actually only applies to smelling; everything else is simply interpreted into it.\|115\|41f}}

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

Odyssee at 06:01, 3 May 2021

2021-05-03T06:01:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:01, 3 May 2021
Line 9:		Line 9:

	{{GZ\|That sublime being who is creative for our world as the second Logos, that is the creative light. That which passes through the universe as the highest revelation, that is the world-aroma. This is a still higher principle of creation than world tone and world light. World-sound is the third Logos. World light is the second Logos, and world aroma is the first Logos. This is the highest. When the highest creating turns into the opposite, then it is the destroying. Here we have the opposite of the world's aroma; when in folk tales the devil is given the bad smell, this is meant to indicate that the destructive nature of the world is being referred to.\|266a\|210}}		{{GZ\|That sublime being who is creative for our world as the second Logos, that is the creative light. That which passes through the universe as the highest revelation, that is the world-aroma. This is a still higher principle of creation than world tone and world light. World-sound is the third Logos. World light is the second Logos, and world aroma is the first Logos. This is the highest. When the highest creating turns into the opposite, then it is the destroying. Here we have the opposite of the world's aroma; when in folk tales the devil is given the bad smell, this is meant to indicate that the destructive nature of the world is being referred to.\|266a\|210}}

			Rudolf Steiner associates the "diabolical" smells in particular with the [[Asuras]], who did not reach their full goal of development on [[Old Saturn]] and thus became dangerous adversaries. They are also the cause of today's [[sunspot]]s.

			{{GZ\|Now, while all the beings that were on the Sun were luminous, as everything that is fixed star is today, the Old Saturn realm of those beings that remained behind acted like a dark enclosure, like dark places opposite the light, like dull caves within the body of the Sun that disturbed its harmony. Particularly with regard to the world's aroma, sensations mingled in from the beings that had remained behind, spreading all kinds of bad smells. Our myth has retained this, saying that the devil stinks and leaves behind an evil odour. With the progress of the Sun, a dark inclusion has really also been left behind, and the sunspots of today are really the stragglers of the Old Saturn Empire on the Sun. For this reason, however, they are hypothetically to be explained exactly as they are today; all this is true.\|100\|115}}

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

	* Henning Beck: ''Faszinierendes Gehirn: Eine bebilderte Reise in die Welt der Nervenzellen'', 2. Auflage, Springer Vergalg 2017, ISBN 978-3662547557, {{ASIN\|B0787SR655}}		* Henning Beck: ''Faszinierendes Gehirn: Eine bebilderte Reise in die Welt der Nervenzellen'', 2. Auflage, Springer Vergalg 2017, ISBN 978-3662547557, {{ASIN\|B0787SR655}}
			* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Menschheitsentwickelung und Christus-Erkenntnis'', [[GA 100]] (1981), ISBN 3-7274-1000-0 {{Lectures\|100}}
	* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Anthroposophie – Psychosophie – Pneumatosophie'', [[GA 115]] (2001), ISBN 3-7274-1150-3 {{Lectures\|115}}		* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Anthroposophie – Psychosophie – Pneumatosophie'', [[GA 115]] (2001), ISBN 3-7274-1150-3 {{Lectures\|115}}
	* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Aus den Inhalten der esoterischen Stunden, Band I: 1904 – 1909'', [[GA 266/1]] (1995), ISBN 3-7274-2661-6 {{Lectures\|266}}		* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Aus den Inhalten der esoterischen Stunden, Band I: 1904 – 1909'', [[GA 266/1]] (1995), ISBN 3-7274-2661-6 {{Lectures\|266}}

Odyssee: Created page with "A human nose The nose of a dog The '''sense of smell''' is one of the twelve physical senses Rudolf Steiner spoke..."

2021-05-03T05:40:29Z

Created page with "thumb|A human nose thumb|The nose of a dog The '''sense of smell''' is one of the twelve physical senses Rudolf Steiner spoke..."

New page

[[File:Neus1.jpg|thumb|A human nose]]
[[File:Dog nose.jpg|thumb|The nose of a dog]]

The '''sense of smell''' is one of the twelve physical [[sense]]s [[Rudolf Steiner]] spoke of in his theory of the senses and mediates '''olfactory perception''', the perception of odours with the help of the nose. The specific smell of certain substances or mixtures of substances is also called '''aroma''' ({{Greek|ἄρωμα}} ''ároma'' "spice, fragrance, perfume"). Like sounds and colours, '''odours''', also called '''odor''' ({{Latin}}: "smell, stench, fragrance"), have their soul reality in the [[soul world]] in the so-called region of [[region of mobile sensitivity]] and [[spiritual beings]] live and work in them. The '''World Aroma''' is a revelation of the [[First Logos|first Logos]].

{{GZ|The first Logos flows forth as a world-aroma, as a clearly perceptible odour. In every odour dwells a spiritual being of a higher or lower nature. Very high good entities dwell in incense; they draw us directly upwards to God. Beings of the lowest nature are incarnate in the odour of [[w:musk|musk]]. In earlier times, when people understood more about these things, they used musk for lower sensual stimulation.|266a|198}}

[[w:Patchouli|Patchouli]], for example, is also regarded as an odour in which lower spirits incarnate<ref>cf. ''Weltenäther - Elementarwesen - Naturreiche'', Texte aus der Geisteswissenschaft Rudolf Steiners, edited by Dr. Ernst Hagemann, Oratio Vlg., Schaffhausen 2000, p. 159</ref>.

{{GZ|That sublime being who is creative for our world as the second Logos, that is the creative light. That which passes through the universe as the highest revelation, that is the world-aroma. This is a still higher principle of creation than world tone and world light. World-sound is the third Logos. World light is the second Logos, and world aroma is the first Logos. This is the highest. When the highest creating turns into the opposite, then it is the destroying. Here we have the opposite of the world's aroma; when in folk tales the devil is given the bad smell, this is meant to indicate that the destructive nature of the world is being referred to.|266a|210}}

== Literature ==

* Henning Beck: ''Faszinierendes Gehirn: Eine bebilderte Reise in die Welt der Nervenzellen'', 2. Auflage, Springer Vergalg 2017, ISBN 978-3662547557, {{ASIN|B0787SR655}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Anthroposophie – Psychosophie – Pneumatosophie'', [[GA 115]] (2001), ISBN 3-7274-1150-3 {{Lectures|115}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Aus den Inhalten der esoterischen Stunden, Band I: 1904 – 1909'', [[GA 266/1]] (1995), ISBN 3-7274-2661-6 {{Lectures|266}}

{{GA}}

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Senses]]
[[de:Geruchssinn]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:40, 3 May 2021
Line 23:		Line 23:
	[[File:Head Olfactory Nerve Labeled.png\|thumb\|Components of the olfactory system]]		[[File:Head Olfactory Nerve Labeled.png\|thumb\|Components of the olfactory system]]

	The ~~peripheral~~ '''olfactory ~~system~~''' ~~consists mainly~~ of the ~~[[w:nostril\|nostril]]s~~, ~~[[w:ethmoid bone\|ethmoid bone]]~~, ~~[[w:nasal cavity\|nasal cavity]], and~~ the ~~[[w:~~olfactory ~~epithelium\|olfactory epithelium]]~~. The [[w:Stimulus (physiology)\|sensory stimuli]] are [[w:Transduction (physiology)\|tranducted]] to the ~~'''~~olfactory cortex~~'''~~ by the [[w:olfactory nerve\|olfactory nerve]]. The olfactory cortex, also known as the [[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]] ({{Latin}}) or '''olfactory brain''', contains the structures of the [[w:cerebrum\|cerebrum]] that serve to perceive and centrally process odours. The olfactory system is one of the oldest sensory systems of [[w:vertebrate\|vertebrate]]s and is structured completely differently from the other receptive fields. Here, the [[w:cerebral cortex\|cerebral cortex]] is extended forward like a cord and forms the [[w:olfactory bulb\|olfactory bulb]] (''bulbus olfactorius'') and the ''pedunculus olfactorius''. In humans, these two have largely lost their cortical character due to a considerable reduction in the number of cells. Not least for this reason (but mainly because of its elongated shape), the olfactory cortex was misinterpreted as a nerve by the old anatomists. Medical nomenclature retains this error in the counting of [[cranial nerves]] and lists these structures as the first cranial nerve (''nervus olfactorius''). In non-primates, the olfactory bulb is much more pronounced in proportion to the rest of the cerebrum and protrudes forward.		The '''olfactory pathways''' comprise the neuroanatomical pathways of olfactory perception from the olfactory sensors in the nose, or more precisely the olfactory mucosa, to the '''olfactory cortex''' of the end brain. The [[w:Stimulus (physiology)\|sensory stimuli]] are [[w:Transduction (physiology)\|tranducted]] to the olfactory cortex by the [[w:olfactory nerve\|olfactory nerve]]. The olfactory cortex, also known as the [[w:Rhinencephalon\|rhinencephalon]] ({{Latin}}) or '''olfactory brain''', contains the structures of the [[w:cerebrum\|cerebrum]] that serve to perceive and centrally process odours. The olfactory system is one of the oldest sensory systems of [[w:vertebrate\|vertebrate]]s and is structured completely differently from the other receptive fields. Here, the [[w:cerebral cortex\|cerebral cortex]] is extended forward like a cord and forms the [[w:olfactory bulb\|olfactory bulb]] (''bulbus olfactorius'') and the ''pedunculus olfactorius''. In humans, these two have largely lost their cortical character due to a considerable reduction in the number of cells. Not least for this reason (but mainly because of its elongated shape), the olfactory cortex was misinterpreted as a nerve by the old anatomists. Medical nomenclature retains this error in the counting of [[cranial nerves]] and lists these structures as the first cranial nerve (''nervus olfactorius''). In non-primates, the olfactory bulb is much more pronounced in proportion to the rest of the cerebrum and protrudes forward.

	The olfactory brain has two special features. Firstly, as in the [[w:hippocampus\|hippocampus]], new nerve cells are constantly being formed here. Secondly, parts of the [[w:amygdala\|amygdala]] ({{Greek\|ἀμυγδαλή}} ''amygdalē'' "almond, tonsil") also belong to the olfactory brain on the one hand and to the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]] on the other, which is significantly involved in the processing of [[feeling]]s and [[emotion]]s. In contrast to other sensory perceptions, smelling is therefore always accompanied by an emotional tone. {{LZ\|\|H. Beck, p. 89f.}}		The olfactory pathway consists of three nerve cells (neurons) connected in series.

			The peripheral '''olfactory system''' consists mainly of the [[w:nostril\|nostril]]s, [[w:ethmoid bone\|ethmoid bone]], [[w:nasal cavity\|nasal cavity]], and the [[w:olfactory epithelium\|olfactory epithelium]]. Bipolar [[w:olfactory receptor neuron\|olfactory receptor neuron]]s (primary sensory cells) are located in the [[w:olfactory mucosa\|olfactory mucosa]] (''regio olfactoria'') of the upper nasal concha. Their peripheral extension (dendrite) draws towards the surface of the mucosa, the central axon passes through the sieve plate (''lamina cribrosa'') of the [[w:ethmoid bone\|ethmoid bone]] to the [[w:olfactory bulb\|olfactory bulb]] (''bulbus olfactorius'') in the form of the olfactory filaments (''fila olfactoria''). The entirety of the olfactory filaments, although not neuroanatomically exact, is called the first [[cranial nerve]] (''nervus olfactorius'').

			In the olfactory bulb, the first switching takes place to the [[w:mitral cell\|mitral cell]]s, whose axons run via the '''olfactory tract''' (''tractus olfactorius'') to the ''stria olfactoria medialis et lateralis''. The [[w:glomerulus\|glomeruli]] form spherical structures in the olfactory bulb where [[w:synapse\|synapse]]s form between the terminals of the olfactory nerve and the [[w:dendrite\|dendrite]]s of the mitral, periglomerular and [[w:tufted cell\|tufted cell]]s.

			From the stria olfactoria medialis, the third neuron runs to the [[w:olfactory tubercle\|olfactory tubercle]] (''tuberculum olfactorium'') and from there to the [[w:nuclei septales\|nuclei septales]] and the [[w:parahippocampal gyrus\|parahippocampal gyrus]], thus reaching the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]]. This is where unconscious olfactory perception takes place.

			From the ''stria olfactoria lateralis'', the third neuron travels to the area periamygdalaris/praepiriformis to the [[w:frontal lobe\|frontal lobe]]. This is the pathway for conscious olfactory perception.

			The olfactory brain has two special features. Firstly, as in the [[w:hippocampus\|hippocampus]], new nerve cells are constantly being formed here. Secondly, parts of the [[w:amygdala\|amygdala]] ({{Greek\|ἀμυγδαλή}} ''amygdalē'' "almond, tonsil") also belong to the olfactory brain on the one hand and to the [[w:limbic system\|limbic system]] on the other, which is significantly involved in the processing of [[feeling]]s and [[emotion]]s. In contrast to other sensory perceptions, smelling is therefore always accompanied by an emotional tone. {{LZ\|\|H. Beck, p. 89f.}}

	== Literature ==		== Literature ==