View source for Jerusalem

{{Panorama|Panorámica de Jerusalén desde el Monte de los Olivos.jpg|1400|Panorama with view from the Mount of Olives to Jerusalem and the [[Temple Mount]] with the [[Wikipedia:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]]}}

'''Jerusalem''' ({{HeS|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם}} Yerushalayim; {{Arabic|القدس}} al-Quds (ash-Sharif) "the Holy"; {{Greek|Ἱεροσόλυμα}} ''Hierosólyma'', the "Holy Salem") is a town situated between the [[w:Dead Sea|Dead Sea]], 428 m [[w:Sea level|below sea level]], and the [[w:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at an altitude of 606-826 m [[w:Sea level|above sea level]]  in the mountains of [[w:Judea|Judea]] in the [[Holy Land]] in present-day [[w:Israel|Israel]]. It is of central spiritual and religious importance for the monotheistic [[w:Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic religions]]. Jerusalem is first mentioned in the [[w:Old Testament|Old Testament]]. However, the oldest traces of human settlement date back to around 5000 BC. 

== Jerusalem as the spiritual centre ==

In the Bible, in the Book of Ezekiel, Jerusalem is mentioned as the centre of all the countries of this Earth (cf. also {{B|Ez|38:12}}):

{{Quote|Thus says the Lord God: This is Jerusalem. I have set her in the center of the nations, with countries all around her|.|{{B|Ez|5:5}}}}

According to Jewish tradition, [[Adam]] was created here, or rather, his feet entered the Earth here, and he was also later buried here (→ [[Wood of the Cross Legend]]). In the "[[w:Cave of Treasures|Cave of Treasures]]" of [[w:Ephrem the Syrian|Ephrem the Syrian]] it says: 

{{Quote|before=|after=|<poem>And God formed Adam with his holy hands.
    in his own image and after his own likeness.
And when the angels beheld his glorious appearance,
    they were moved with the beauty of his sight;
for they beheld the form of his countenance,
    while it was lighted with a splendour like the orb of the sun,
    and the light of his eyes like the sun,
    and the image of his body like the light of the crystal.
And he spread himself out and stood in the midst of the earth,
and he set his two feet upon the place
    where the cross of our Saviour was set up,
    because Adam was created in Jerusalem.
And there he put on the robe of kingship,
    and the crown of glory was set upon his head.
And there he was made king, and priest, and prophet;
and there God set him on the throne of his glory.
And there God gave him dominion over all creatures,
and there were gathered together all the wild beasts...
    and the cattle and the birds, and came before Adam,
and he gave them names, and they bowed their heads before him,
and worshipped him all their natures, and served him.</poem>|[[w:Ephrem the Syrian|Ephrem the Syrian]]|''[[w:Cave of Treasure|The Cave of Treasure]]'' (Creation of Man)}}

[[Cain]] and [[Abel]] offered their sacrifices to Yahweh here ({{B|Gen|4:1-16}}) and [[Abraham]] laid his son [[Isaac]] on the altar there on the later [[Temple Mount]] in the land of [[Moria]] to sacrifice him ({{B|Gen|22:2}}), and was received in Salem (by which Jerusalem is probably meant) with bread and wine by the great Sun Initiate [[Melchisedec]] ({{B|Gen|14:18}}). Jerusalem thus formed in a certain sense the spiritual centre of human development up to the [[Mystery of Golgotha]]. The construction of [[Solomon's Temple]] was of particular importance.

The gorge of [[Gehinnom]] ({{HeS|גֵי-הִנֹם}}), which is located in the south of the Old City of Jerusalem and extends from the foot of [[w:Mount Zion|Mount Zion]] in an easterly direction to the [[w:Kidron Valley|Kidron Valley]], is traditionally regarded as the entrance to the [[underworld]], to [[hell]]. The term is also used in this meaning in the [[w:New Testamen|New Testamen]]t in the Greekised form [[Gehenna]]. The Arabic equivalent in the [[Koran]] is [[Jahannam]]. 

[[a:Emil Bock|Emil Bock]], co-founder of the [[Christian Community]], writes about this:

{{LZ|Providence has arranged it in such a way that the cross and the grave are located at a place which thousands of years ago was already experienced as a centre of the Earth. Between Golgotha, the rocky hill that continues in the moon-like rock mass of the Temple Mount, and the tomb, the surroundings of which form the beginning of the garden landscape on the Mount Zion, there was once a primordial fissure in the surface of the Earth. Ancient mankind saw the tomb of Adam in this horrible maw. Here, for the first time, death came upon humanity. And so, from very ancient times, this primeval gorge, which tore the face of the city of Jerusalem in two, was associated with the idea that this was the gateway to the underworld. At this place the cross rose yesterday and the grave stands today.|Bock, p. 361}}

{{Panorama|Panorama Jerusalem und Tempelberg bei Nacht.jpg|1200|Panorama Jerusalem and Temple Mount by night.jpg|1200|Panorama with view from the Mount of Olives to Jerusalem and the [[Temple Mount]] with the [[Wikipedia:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] by night}}

== Literature ==

* [[w:Ephrem the Syrian|Ephrem the Syrian]]: ''The Book of the Cave of Treasures''. Translated from the Syriac by E. A. Wallis Budge. The Religious Tract Society, London 1927 [https://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/bct/index.htm sacred-texts.com]
* [[a:Emil Bock|Emil Bock]]: ''Die drei Jahre'', Urachhaus Verlag, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-87838-229-4
* [[a:Dankmar Bosse|Dankmar Bosse]]: ''Die gemeinsame Evolution von Erde und Mensch: Entwurf einer Geologie und Paläontologie der lebendigen Erde'', Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgat 2002, ISBN 978-3772515934
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Zeitgeschichtliche Betrachtungen. Das Karma der Unwahrhaftigkeit – Erster Teil'', [[GA 173]] (1978), ISBN 3-7274-1730-7 {{Lectures|173}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Erdensterben und Weltenleben. Anthroposophische Lebensgaben. Bewußtseins-Notwendigkeiten für Gegenwart und Zukunft'', [[GA 181]] (1991), ISBN 3-7274-1810-9 {{Lectures|181}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Vorträge und Kurse über christlich-religiöses Wirken, V'', [[GA 346]] (2001), ISBN 3-7274-3460-0 {{Lectures|346}}

{{GA}}

[[Category:Holy Land]]
[[Category:Jerusalem]]
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